Timelines: Early Modern - Renaissance
The European Renaissance
Waxing Neptune-Pluto hemicycle 1398-1644 CE
Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
1398 |
INDIA: Timurlenk invades India & sacks Delhi, retires (disease; Delhi Sultanate now small) |
1398 NE CONJ PL Ge Ge |
1398 NE Ge |
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C EUROPE: Jan Hus (1369-1415), Wyclifian reformer, lecturing on theology at Prague university |
1398 UR on S Node |
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IBERIA: Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) sponsors expeditions to Africa & Atlantic |
1398 Sa CONJ UR Sg Sg |
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1399 |
BRITAIN: king deposed; Henry IV King of England (1399-1413) (suppresses rebellion of nobles) |
1399 NE CONJ PL Ge Ge |
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* CHINA: great drainage & irrigation, reforestation & repopulation works by Ming dynasty |
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1400 |
* SE ASIA: Malacca founded, becomes a focal port between Indian & Pacific oceans (dhows meet junks) |
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ITALY: rise of the Medici family in Florence (seed-point of Renaissance) |
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1401 |
MIDEAST: Mongol Timurlenk conquers Baghdad & Damascus |
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1402 |
MIDEAST: Timurlenk defeats Ottomans in Anatolia at Bt of Ankara (Ottomans disintegrate) |
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1402 UR Cp |
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EUROPE: embassy from Ethiopia to Venice (later also to Lisbon, to find support against Mamluks) |
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1403 |
OTTOMANS: Suleiman I, Ottoman sultan (1403-11) (re-enlivens Ottoman culture) |
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CHINA: Ch'eng Tsu, Emperor (1403-24) (after deposing heir); overseas trade expeditions |
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1404 |
ASIA: Timurlenk plans Islamic Holy War against China |
1404 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge |
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1405 |
PERSIA: death of Timurlenk, succeeded by Timurid Shah Rukh (1404-1447) (end of Mongol scourge) |
1405 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge |
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C ASIA: end of Chagatai Khanate of Altai, on death of Timurlenk |
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* S ASIA: Chinese explore Indian Ocean (1405-33), extract tribute from Sumatra, Ceylon, Hormuz |
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1406 |
ITALY: Venice takes over Padua, Florence takes over Pisa |
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1407 |
FRANCE: civil war begins, on Burgundian murder of Duc d'Orleans |
1407 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge |
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BRITAIN: pestilence kills 30,000 in London (brought by ship from outside Europe) |
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SE ASIA: China defeats Palembang (Sumatra), extracting tribute |
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1408 |
W EUROPE: cardinals of Rome & Avignon meet to end the Great Schism |
1408 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge |
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1409 |
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1409 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge |
1409 UR Aq |
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1409 UR -sqt PL Cp Ge |
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1410 |
E EUROPE: Poland defeats Teutonic Knights at Battle of Tannenberg; Prussia declines |
1410 UR -qcx NE Aq Cn |
1410 UR Aq |
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C EUROPE: Jan Hus and Hussite followers excommunicated by Archbishop of Prague & Pope |
1410 UR -sqt PL Aq Ge |
1410 NE Cn |
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S ASIA: China defeats king of Ceylon |
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1411 |
EUROPE: Conciliar Theory ("totality of faithful", not Pope, repr of Will of God): Ch reform period |
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1411 NE Cn |
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1412 |
INDIA: droughts bring famine in N India |
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1413 |
OTTOMANS: Mehemmed I (1413-21) reconstructs Ottoman empire after Mongol disruptions |
1413 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge |
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ASIA: Chinese sea missions reach as far as Hormuz, Persia & Aden (1418) |
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1414 |
W EUROPE: Thomas a Kempis' "Imitatio Christi" |
1414 UR -tri PL Aq Ge |
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W EUROPE: Council of Konstanz (1414-18) (33 cardinals, 900 bishops) reforms Catholic church |
1414 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge |
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ITALY: the Medicis of Florence become papal bankers (rise of large European banking houses) |
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1415 |
W EUROPE: Battle of Agincourt: Henry V K of England (1413-22) resumes claim on France, wins |
1415 UR -tri PL Aq Ge |
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NW AFRICA: BEGINNING OF PORTUGUESE OVERSEAS EXPANSION occupation of Ceuta |
1415 UR -sqt NE Aq Cn |
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C EUROPE: Jan Hus burned at stake at Konstanz for heresy |
1415 Sa CONJ NE Cn Cn |
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1416 |
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1416 UR -sqt NE Aq Cn |
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1417 |
ROME: end of Great Schism, with election of Pope Martin V (1417-31) |
1417 UR -sqt NE Aq Cn |
1417 UR Pi |
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W EUROPE: English take Caen & Normandy |
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1418 |
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1418 UR -sqt NE Pi Cn |
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1419 |
C EUROPE: war between HRE & Bohemian Hussites (1419-36) (over church reform and heresy) |
1419 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi |
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C EUROPE: Sigismund of Hungary obtains Bohemia; defeated by Hussites 1420 |
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E ASIA: Korean King Sejong (1419-51) (expands and safeguards Korea, ind cultural development) |
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1420 |
FRANCE: Henry V of England enters Paris (recognised heir to French throne) |
1420 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi |
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1421 |
CHINA: capital moved from Nanking to Beijing (modern'sn & to strengthen northern frontier) |
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1422 |
C EUROPE: Hussites defeat Crusading HRE army near Prague (proto-Reformation victory for 'heretics') |
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1423 |
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1423 NE +ssx PL Le Cn |
1423 PL Cn |
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1423 NE Le |
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1424 |
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1424 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge |
1424 UR Ar |
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1424 UR -tri NE Pi Cn |
1424 PL Cn |
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1424 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge |
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1425 |
C EUROPE: division amongst Hussites between radicals (Taborites) & moderates |
1425 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge |
1424 NE Le |
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1425 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
1425 PL Cn |
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1426 |
W EUROPE: Holland becomes centre of European music |
1426 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn |
1425 UR Ar |
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1426 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
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1427 |
C AMERICA: GROWTH OF AZTEC EMPIRE (Itzcoatl, r1428-40, ests league of three Aztec cities) |
1426 NE on N Node |
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C AMERICA: Quiche Maya dominate Guatemalan highlands (1425-75, Quicab) |
1427 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
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1428 |
SE ASIA: Chinese expelled from Vietnam; establishing of Le dynasty (1428-1788) |
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FRANCE: meteoric career of Jeanne d'Arc, leading French armies against England |
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1429 |
FRANCE: French regrouping & revival; Jeanne d'Arc seige of Orleans (historic victory) |
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EUROPE: Henry VI K of England (1429-61); Charles VII K of France (1427-61) (crowned at Rheims) |
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1430 |
RUSSIA: foundation of Khanate of Crimea (1430-1783) (Russian atavism of Mongol empire) |
1430 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn |
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1431 |
SE ASIA: Siamese invasion of Cambodia leads to abandonment of Angkor Wat & end of Khmer empire |
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FRANCE: Jeanne d'Arc burned at stake at Rouen (after being caught by Burgundians, Eng allies) |
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W EUROPE: Henry VI of England crowned King of France at occupied Paris |
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1432 |
GERMANY: peasant revolt at Worms 1432 UR Ta |
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ASIA: Chinese Cheng Ho (Islamic) visits 20 states, obtaining tribute even frm Mecca |
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1433 |
ATLANTIC: Portuguese Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores (prelude to Age of Exploration) |
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W EUROPE: Council of Basel (1431-49) resists Papal power (friction between bishops & Pope) |
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1433 UR Ta |
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AFRICA: acceleration of Euro trading & plundering in W Africa (for slaves & gold) |
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1434 |
W AFRICA: Portuguese explore W African coast |
1434 Sa OPPN NE Aq Le |
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ITALY: Cosimo de Medici becomes ruler of Florence (1434-64); revolt in Rome against Pope |
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1435 |
FRANCE: Peace of Arras between France & Burgundy (ends Burgundian alliance with England) |
1435 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn |
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N EUROPE: Sweden's Riksdag (parliament) meets for the first time 1435 PL on N Node |
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1436 |
FRANCE: English army retires from Paris |
1436 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn |
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BRITAIN: Scots beat English at Bt of Berwick on Tweed; truce between England & Scotland 1438 |
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C EUROPE: Hussite Wars end; HRE: Sigismund acknowledged King of Bohemia (succ Albert V 1438) |
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1437 |
CHINA: Emperor Ying Tsung (1436-49 & 57-64) (conservative) |
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1437 NE Vi |
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1438 |
* S AMERICA: INCA CONQUERING PERIOD started by Pachacutec, 9th Inca |
1438 NE +ssq PL Vi Cn |
1438 NE Vi |
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HRE: Habsburg Albert II of Austria elected HRE (office remains with Habsburgs until abolition in 1806) |
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1439 |
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1439 NE +ssq PL Vi Cn |
1439 UR Ge |
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1440 |
GERMANY: election of Frederick V of Styria, King of Germany (1440-93) |
1440 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
1440 UR Ge |
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C EUROPE: Nicholas of Cusa (1401-64) "Of Learned Ignorance" (tolerance, religious pluralism) |
1440 NE +ssq PL Vi Cn |
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SE ASIA: final abandonment of Angkor Wat by Khmers (effective end of Khmer culture) |
1440 UR -ssq PL Ge Cn |
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1441 |
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1441 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
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1441 UR -ssq PL Ge Cn |
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1442 |
W AFRICA: Portuguese navigators explore coastal W Africa (establishing Euro-African trade) |
1442 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
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1442 UR on N Node |
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1442 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge |
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1443 |
E EUROPE: Hungarian nationalists under Janos Hunyady defeat Ottoman Turks at Nish |
1443 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
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1443 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge |
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1444 |
E EUROPE: Battle of Varna, Turks beat Hungary & Poland (Turkish attempt to dominate Europe) |
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1445 |
INNOVN: German Johannes Gutenberg (1397-1468) publishes the first printed book in Europe |
1445 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn |
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RUSSIA: foundation of Khanate of Kazan (1445-1556) (post-Mongol khanate in E Russia) |
1445 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn |
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1446 |
E ASIA: Korean alphabetical script replaces Chinese script in Korea |
1446 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn |
1446 UR Cn |
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1446 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn |
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1447 |
AUSTRIA: Pope grants Concordat (giving Austria rights over its national church) |
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1447 UR Cn |
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E AFRICA: Great Zimbabwe superseded by state of Mwenemutapa (gold, slaves, towns) |
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1447 PL Le |
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1448 |
BRITAIN: Anglo-Scots war renewed; houses of Lancaster & York become major rivals in England |
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1448 PL Le |
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E EUROPE: Ottomans under Murad II defeat Hungarians under Janos Hunyady |
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1449 |
W EUROPE: English break truce with France |
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CHINA: 1 million people die in rebellions against Ming in Fukien & Chekiang |
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CHINA: Emperor Ying Tsung captured for a year by Mongols (dynastic disorder in China) |
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1450 |
* W AFRICA: SONGHAI EMPIRE in SAHEL reaches its prime, with a university at Timbuktu |
1450 Sa CONJ NE Vi Vi |
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* S AMERICA: Monomatapa empire founded |
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AFRICA: European slave trade begins (10 million slaves transported 1450-1870) |
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* EUROPE: GENERAL ECONOMIC RECOVERY & UPSWING in EUROPE |
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ITALY: Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan (1450-66) |
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GERMANY: Gutenberg prints the Konstanz Mass Book (beginning of communications revolution) |
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1451 |
S AMERICA: INCAS overcome CHIMU Indian civilisation in N Peru (becomes tributary state) |
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1451 NE Li |
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OTTOMANS: Mehemmed II The Conqueror (1451-81) rebuilds Ottoman empire |
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JAPAN: Shogun Yoshimasa (1449-90) (collapse of authority, yet cultural upswing, court style) |
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1452 |
EUROPE: the MEDICI in FLORENCE STIMULATE THE RENAISSANCE and growth of culture & humanism |
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1452 NE Li |
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INDIA: Lodi dynasty inherits the Delhi Sultanate (1451-1526) |
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1453 |
W EUROPE: END of HUNDRED YEARS' WAR England loses all continental possessions except Calais |
1453 UR -sxt NE Le Li |
1453 UR Le |
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E EUROPE: FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO OTTOMANS (end of Byzantium, Ottoman zenith starts) |
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OTTOMANS: St Sophia Basilica becomes a mosque, Istanbul (Constantinople) becomes Ottoman capital |
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1454 |
GERMANY: GUTENBERG PRINTS THE MAZARIN BIBLE at Mainz (first proper use of movable type) |
1454 UR -sxt NE Le Li |
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S AMERICA: yellow fever wipes out much of Mayan culture |
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1455 |
BRITAIN: Wars of Roses (1455-85), between Houses of Lancaster & York (disarray in law & government) |
1455 UR -sxt NE Le Li |
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W AFRICA: Venetian sailors explore up the Senegal river (trade prospectors) |
1455 UR CONJ PL Le Le |
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* N AMERICA: depopulation & decline of Mississippian temple-cities ('empty quarter') |
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1456 |
OTTOMANS: Turks conquer Greece and overrun Athens; Topkapi Palace built in Istanbul |
1456 UR CONJ PL Le Le |
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E EUROPE: Janos Hunyady & Hungarians expel Ottomans from Belgrade (Hungary blocks Turks) |
1456 HALLEY'S COMET |
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ITALY: Naples ruined by major earthquake (35,000 die) |
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1457 |
PERSIA: Persia reunited by Mogul Abu Said, Sultan of Iran (1452-69) |
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1458 |
C EUROPE: Hussite leader George of Podebrad, King of Bohemia (1458-71) |
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C EUROPE: Matthias Corvinus, K of Hungary (1458-90) (strong & prosperous period for Hungary) |
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OTTOMANS: Turks wreck the Acropolis (to break Greek identity, force subservience) |
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1459 |
BRITAIN: renewal of Wars of Roses in England 1459 UR Vi |
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ROME: Conciliar Theory declared heretical by Pope (end of reform period in RC Church) |
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1460 |
MIDEAST: fall of Trapezus, last Christian stronghold in Asia |
1460 UR -ssq NE Vi Li |
1460 UR Vi |
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1461 |
BRITAIN: Edward IV King of England (1461-83) (House of York; Wars of Roses continue) |
1461 NE +sxt PL Li Le |
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ITALY: Leonardo da Vinci at study under Verocchio |
1461 UR -ssq NE Vi Li |
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1462 |
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1462 NE +sxt PL Li Le |
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1463 |
OTTOMANS: Turks conquer Bosnia; Herzegovina 1467 |
1463 NE +sxt PL Li Le |
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1463 Sa OPPN PL Aq Le |
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1464 |
BRITAIN: peace between England & Scotland (England settles into general peace) |
1464 NE +sxt PL Li Le |
1464 PL Vi |
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FRANCE: Louis XI establishes French royal mail service |
1464 Sa OPPN PL Aq Le |
1464 NE Sc |
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W AFRICA: SONGHAI ASCENDANCY under Sanni Ali (Mali and gold trade eclipsed by Songhai) |
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1465 |
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1465 NE +sxt PL Li Le |
1465 PL Vi |
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1465 NE Sc |
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1466 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
1465 UR Li |
1466 |
C ASIA: foundation of Khanate of Astrakhan (1466-1556) (post-Mongol khanate) |
1466 UR +ssx PL Li Vi |
1466 UR Li |
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1466 UR -ssx NE Li Sc |
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1466 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li |
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1467 |
MIDEAST: Turkoman Uzun Hasan of Azerbaijan & Kurdistan (Horde of White Sheep) takes Persia |
1467 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
1466 PL Vi |
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JAPAN: Onin War (1467-77) (reshuffling of feudal domains, prelude to century of ongoing war) |
1467 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li |
1466 UR Li |
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1468 |
* N EUROPE: slow decline of Hansa League (trade shifts to Atlantic, Baltic powers grow) |
1468 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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1468 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li |
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1469 |
ITALY: Lorenzo de Medici the "Magnificent", ruler of Florence (1469-92) (cultural growth) |
1469 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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IDEAS: Pliny's "Historia Naturalis" (first Euro scientific book ever published) |
1469 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc |
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1470 |
S AMERICA: INCAS DESTROY CHIMU KINGDOM (developing central control of large, efficient empire) |
1470 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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ASIA: Khan Dayan reunites Mongols in peaceable Buddhist Asian kingdom (1470-1543) |
1470 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc |
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AFRICA: Portuguese explore Gold Coast |
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1471 |
SE ASIA: Annam (N Vietnam) annexes Champa (S Vietnam), expanding southwards |
1471 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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BRITAIN: climax of civil war in England; Edward IV enters London victorious |
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1472 |
N AMERICA: Deitrich Pining, Danish sailor, discovers Newfoundland |
1472 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
1472 UR Sc |
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RUSSIA: Ivan III marries Sophia Palaeologus (neice of last Byzantine emperor) |
1472 UR +ssq PL Sc Vi |
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1473 |
MED'N: Cyprus taken over by Venice (for trading advantage in NE Med'n) |
1473 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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* S AMERICA: Inca Tupac Yupanqui conquers Bolivia & N Chile (1471-93) |
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1474 |
IBERIA: Isabella, Queen of Aragon (1474-1504) |
1474 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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INNOVN: William Caxton prints first book in English at Bruges; Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" 1477 |
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1475 |
FRANCE: Burgundy at the height of its power, partitioned 1477 between France & Habsburgs |
1475 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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OTTOMANS: Khanate of Crimea (successor state to Golden Horde) allies with Ottomans |
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1476 |
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1476 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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1477 |
W EUROPE: Habsburgs acquire the (later Austrian) Netherlands by marriage |
1477 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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1478 NE +sxt PL Sc Vi |
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1478 |
RUSSIA: Ivan the Great, Czar of Russia (1478-1505), subdues Novgorod & ejects Mongols (1480) |
1478 UR CONJ NE Sc Sc |
1478 PL Li |
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1479 UR CONJ NE Sc Sc |
1478 UR Sg |
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1479 |
IBERIA: union of Aragon & Castile under Ferdinand & Isabella (Spanish state takes shape) |
1479 UR +sxt PL Sc Vi |
1478 NE Sg |
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1479 NE +sxt PL Sg Li |
1479 PL Li |
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1480 |
* PERSIA: local Safavid dynasty gradually removes rule by Turkoman Horde of White Sheep |
1480 NE +sxt PL Sg Li |
1479 UR Sg |
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RUSSIA: RISE OF RUSSIAN POWER (Ivan the Great breaks with Golden Horde, expands territories) |
1480 Sa CONJ PL Li Li |
1479 NE Sg |
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C AMERICA: civil wars rage in northern Maya states |
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1481 |
IBERIA: beginning of Spanish Inquisition under state & church; Jewish converts examined |
1481 NE +sxt PL Sg Li |
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1481 UR on S Node |
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1482 |
W EUROPE: Peace of Arras between Louis XI King of France (1461-83) and Austrian Habsburgs |
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1483 |
RUSSIA: Russians begin exploration of Siberia (in vacuum brought by Mongol decline) |
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INDIA: 700 Hindu Rajputs commit ritual death rather than convert to Islam |
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1484 |
OTTOMANS: Ottomans conquer most of Black Sea coast (restricting Russian access) |
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ROME: Papal Bull 'Summis desiderantes'; against witchcraft & sorcery |
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AFRICA: Portuguese discover the Congo river, meet with king of advanced Kongo kingdom |
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BRITAIN: Richard III K of England (1483-5) (reforms law, taxation & trading rules in England) |
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1485 |
BRITAIN: Bt of Bosworth, Richard dies; Wars of Roses end (Henry, heir to H of Lancaster wins) |
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BRITAIN: Henry VII (1485-1509); TUDOR DYNASTY (1485-1603) (midwives to British Empire) |
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1486 |
GERMANY: election of Maximilian I German King (1486-1519) |
1486 Sa CONJ NE Sg Sg |
1486 UR Cp |
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* EUROPE: Botticelli (1444-1510) painter & Durer (1471-1528) engraver, at work |
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1487 |
IBERIA: Spaniards conquer Malaga from Moors |
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+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1488 |
W EUROPE: Flemish towns revolt against Maximilian I (resenting distant rule) |
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: first Ikkoikki uprising (religious uprisings venting discontent) |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1489 |
|
1489 Sa CONJ UR Cp Cp |
|
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1490 |
ITALY: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), inventor & genius, at work |
|
1490 PL Sc |
+ |
INDIA: Kabir (1440-1518), teacher (reconciliation & Hindu-Muslim unity, seeds Sikh sect) |
|
|
+ |
AFRICA: King Nzinga Nkuwu of Congo converts to Christianity (Portuguese missionaries) |
|
|
1491 |
C EUROPE: Vladislav II recognises Habsburg right of succession in Hungary & Bohemia |
|
1491 PL Sc |
+ |
* N EUROPE: contraction of Hansa League (overseas offices & warehouses close) |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1492 |
IBERIA: FALL of ARAB GRENADA: Arabs and Jews expelled from Spain; persecution by Inquisition |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Charles VIII K of France (1483-98) takes control of government |
|
|
+ |
W EUROPE: Henry VII attacks France, after Fr support for Perkin Warbeck (large indemnity paid) |
|
|
+ |
AMERICAS: COLUMBUS explores Caribbean: Bahamas, Cuba & Haiti; MED'N: Span conq Maghreb |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Behain constructs the first globe; da Vinci designs a flying machine |
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Ottomans finally invade Hungary and (1493) Dalmatia & Croatia (Europe at risk) |
|
|
1493 |
N AMERICA: Incas expand in Equador, found Quito as 2nd cap; first Span settlement in New World |
1493 PL Peri 7Sc |
1493 NE Cp |
+ |
GERMANY: peasants' revolt in SW Germany and Alsace |
1493 UR +ssx NE Aq Cp |
1493 UR Aq |
+ |
* EUROPE: publishing profession develops, merging typefounding, printing, bookselling |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Sforzas of Milan & Borgias of Florence gain in power through marriage & favour |
|
|
1494 |
W EUROPE: beginning of rivalry for European dominance between Habsburgs & France (to 1700s) |
1494 UR +ssx NE Aq Cp |
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Treaty of Tordesillas: New World divided between Portugal & Spain |
|
|
+ |
* W AFRICA: zenith of Songhai empire (1494-1529) under Askia Mohammed |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Drogheda parliament makes Ireland subservient to England; HRE supports Perkin Warbeck |
|
|
1495 |
ITALY: Charles VIII (Fr) inv Italy (Naples); Pope flees; peace by Sforza (end Papal primacy) |
|
|
+ |
HRE: Diet of Worms, law and tax reforms in Germany |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: major works by da Vinci (1452-1519), Heironymus Bosch (1450-1516), Durer (1471-1528) |
|
|
+ |
W EUROPE: syphilis epidemic spread from Naples by French troops |
|
|
1496 |
N AFRICA: Spain takes Tenerife, to weaken Arab influence (beginning of overseas expansion) |
1496 UR +SQR PL Aq Sc |
|
+ |
* EUROPE: Sforza's 1495 treaty sets precedent for Balance-of-Power politics of modern Europe |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Perkin Warbeck claims Eng throne (1492-99), agitation in Scotland, Ireland & SW England |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: royal marriages build new alliances -- Spain-Austria, Florence-Naples, Portugal-Spain |
|
|
1497 |
N EUROPE: Danish king Johann II invades Sweden and revives Scandinavian Union |
1497 UR +SQR PL Aq Sc |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: risings in England; rebels defeated, Warbeck captured; executed 1499 |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: John Cabot (Genoan, sailing from England) makes landfall in Newfoundland |
|
|
+ |
ATLANTIC: da Gama (Port) sails southern Trade Winds, rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Pacific |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: French explorer Cartier explores Labrador, Quebec, St Lawrence |
|
|
1498 |
C AMERICA: Columbus explores Caribbean coasts and islands, thinking it Asian paradise |
1498 UR +SQR PL Aq Sc |
|
+ |
ASIA: Portuguese Vasco da Gama reaches Malabar, India, rounding Africa and crossing Indian Ocean |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Michaelangelo (1475-1564) & Erasmus (philosopher, 1465-1539) at work |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Louis XII, king of France (1498-1515) |
|
|
1499 |
EUROPE: Switzerland becomes an independent republic (after war with Swabia & Peace of Basel) |
1499 UR +SQR PL Aq Sc |
|
+ |
* EUROPE: END OF EARLY RENAISSANCE; BEGINNING OF HIGH RENAISSANCE |
1499 Sa OPPN PL Ta Sc |
|
+ |
IBERIA: Inquisition forces mass conversion of Moors (stimulating Arab revolt in Grenada) |
|
|
+ |
OTTOMANS: Turks defeat Venetian fleet; treaty 1503, Venice abandons Lepanto |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1500 |
PERSIA: SHAH ISMAEL I FOUNDS PERSIAN SAFAVID DYNASTY (until 1736) |
1500 UR +SQR PL Aq Sc |
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Brazil claimed for Portugal by Cabral; Vespucci explores Amazonas; Greenland rediscovered |
1500 Sa OPPN PL Ta Sc |
|
+ |
GERMANY: first regular postal link established between Vienna & Brussels |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Wynkyn de Worde opens printing press on Fleet St, London (birth of an institution) |
|
|
1501 |
W EUROPE: Peace of Trent, HRE recognises French gains in N Italy; Louis XII king of Naples |
1501 UR +ssq NE Pi Cp |
1501 UR Pi |
+ |
E EUROPE: Ivan III invades Lithuania; parts of E Poland 1503 (Russian expansionism) |
|
|
+ |
ROME: Papal Bull orders burning of all books questioning church authority |
|
|
+ |
RUSSIA: final end of Khanate of the Golden Horde in Uzbekistan & Astrakhan (last Mongol state) |
|
|
1502 |
INDIA: Portuguese colony founded at Cochin, by Vasco da Gama (first in European foothold in India) |
1502 UR +ssq NE Pi Cp |
1502 PL Sg |
+ |
C AMERICA: AZTEC ZENITH, Montezuma II, Aztec ruler (1502-20); Columbus explores Honduras |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Amerigo Vespucci realises that S America is a continent, not part of Asia |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Bellini ("Baptism of Christ") & Botticelli ("Last Communion of St Jerome") at work |
|
|
1503 |
BRITAIN: James I of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor (seed of Stuart dynasty 1603) |
1503 UR +ssq NE Pi Cp |
1503 PL Sg |
+ |
GERMANY: War of Succession for throne of Holy Roman Empire (Bavaria vs Palatinate) |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Spain fights France over Naples, wins; da Vinci (1452-1519) paints "Mona Lisa" |
|
|
+ |
AFRICA: Portuguese colonise Zanzibar as trading station; Mozambique 1506 |
|
|
1504 |
ITALY: Treaty of Lyons: Naples to Spain (beginning of Habsburg domination in Italy) |
1504 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp |
|
+ |
C ASIA: Mongols under Babur expelled from Ferghana by Uzbeks; Babur captures Kabul (Afghanistan) |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: construction of a Suez canal first proposed, by Venetians to the Turks |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VII places Guilds & Companies under state supervision |
|
|
1505 |
INDIAN OCEAN: Portuguese establish trading posts in East Africa and explore Ceylon |
1505 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp |
|
+ |
GERMANY: Maximilian I institutes COUNTER-REFORMATION of HRE (Habsburg designs on power) |
|
|
+ |
RUSSIA: death of Ivan the Great, succeeded by Vasili (Basil) III |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Bosch's "Garden of Earthly Delights" (marks last fling of Gothic Middle Ages) |
|
|
1506 |
IBERIA: riots in Lisbon lead to slaughter of 2000-4000 converted Jews |
|
1506 NE Aq |
+ |
ITALY: beginning of rebuilding of St Peter's, Rome, by Bramante, to take 120 years |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Sugar cane first grown by Spaniards |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: spices from East Indies first imported to Europe (by trader Jakob Fugger, Augsburg) |
|
|
1507 |
GERMANY: first use of the name "America" (after Vespucci) in Waldseemueller's Atlas |
|
1507 NE Aq |
+ |
BRITAIN: plague strikes London |
|
|
+ |
HRE: Diet of Konstanz recognises unity of HRE under Maximilian I (anti-Habsburg feelings) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Martin Luther ordained as a priest in the Cath church (experienced conversion 1505) |
|
|
1508 |
ITALY: Michaelangelo (Cistine Chapel), da Vinci (turbine) & Raphael (painter) at work |
|
1508 UR Ar |
+ |
C AMERICA: SPANISH CONQUESTS BEGIN: Puerto Rico 1508-11, Cuba 1511-15, Panama 1509-19 |
|
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Baghdad becomes a Persian Safavid province |
|
|
+ |
SE AFRICA: Portuguese colonisation of Mozambique begins (gold, slaves, naval base) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Maximilian I assumes title of HR Emperor; German king now automatically becomes HRE |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Venice under attack from League of Cambrai; defeated 1509 (envy over trading strength) |
|
|
1509 |
INNOVN: the pocket watch is invented by Peter Henlein in Nurnberg 1509 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq |
|
1509 UR Ar |
+ |
S ASIA: Portuguese control Indian Ocean by routing Egyptian & Gujarati fleets; Malacca visited |
1509 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
|
+ |
GERMANY: persecution of Jews in Germany by Johann Pfefferkorn, supported by HRE |
1509 NE on S Node |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VIII becomes King of England (age 17) |
1509 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
|
1510 |
INDIA: Goa captured by Portuguese (first European possession in Asia) |
1510 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq |
|
+ |
N AMERICA: East coast of North America comprehensively explored by Europeans |
1510 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
|
+ |
S AMERICA: transatlantic slave trade begins -- Portuguese take slaves to Brazil |
1510 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
|
+ |
N AFRICA: end of Spanish crusade against Moors, Spain retains seized ports in the Maghreb |
|
|
1511 |
SE ASIA: Portuguese take emporium of Malacca, to dominate trade in the Far East |
1511 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq |
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Poland establishes serfdom |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VIII begins major reforms of Royal Navy (prelude to English imp expansion) |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Pope forms Holy League (Venice, Aragon, Britain) to drive French out of Italy |
|
|
1512 |
INNOVN: Copernicus proposes heliocentric solar system in "Commentariolus" |
1512 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq |
|
+ |
PERSIA: Shi'ite Islam becomes the state religion of Persia; Ismail drives Uzbeks from Khorasan |
|
|
+ |
OTTOMANS: Selim I 'The Grim' becomes Sultan of Turkey (1512-20); friction with Shi'ite Persia |
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: war between Russia & Poland (1512-22) (for space & Russian access to Baltic) |
|
|
+ |
W AFRICA: Askia Mohammed of Songhai ovecomes the Hausa city-states (N Nigeria) |
|
|
1513 |
BRITAIN: English beat the Scots at Bt of Flodden Field (James IV claiming English throne |
|
|
+ |
ASIA: Portuguese visit E Indies; Alvarez reaches Canton, China |
|
|
+ |
C AMERICA: Balboa crosses Panama to Pacific; Ponce de Leon claims Florida, de Cuellar Cuba |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Inca Huayna Capac completes subjection of Quito culture (Equador) |
|
|
1514 |
C EUROPE: peasants' revolt in Hungary (against Turks); peasants' revolt in S Germany |
1514 UR +tri PL Ar Sg |
|
+ |
RUSSIA: Russians under Vasili III take Smolensk (part of westward expansion) |
|
|
+ |
ROME: Pope Leo X issues Papal Bull against slavery, forbids printing of books without permit |
|
|
+ |
* GERMANY: financier Jakob Fugger (1459-1525) at peak of wealth & influence |
|
|
1515 |
ASIA: Portuguese gain mastery of trade with East by taking Hormuz (Persia) |
1515 UR +tri PL Ar Sg |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Thomas Wolsey appointed Lord Chancellor of England under Henry VIII |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: laws made against enclosure of common land (against big landowners) |
|
|
+ |
OTTOMANS: Selim I conquers Anatolia & Turkestan, attacking Persia (Safavid setbacks) |
|
|
1516 |
BRITAIN: Thomas More writes "Utopia", describing a land governed by Reason |
1516 UR +tri PL Ta Cp |
1516 PL Cp |
+ |
BENELUX: Erasmus publishes edited Bible in Greek and Latin |
|
1516 UR Ta |
+ |
EUROPE: Charles I unites HABSBURG DYNASTY, uniting Spain-Neths-Burg'y-Sicily-Span America |
|
|
+ |
OTTOMANS: OTTOMAN EXPANSION: Turks overrun Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt and, by 1517, Arabia & Mecca |
|
|
1517 |
Mexico: Mayan civilisation in Yucatan discovered by Spanish explorer Cordoba |
1517 UR +tri PL Ta Cp |
|
+ |
GERMANY: REFORMATION: MARTIN LUTHER'S '95 THESES' on RC church abuses, at Wittenberg |
|
|
+ |
N AFRICA: end of the Egyptian MAMLUK EMPIRE, brought about by Ottoman Selim I |
|
|
+ |
AFRICA: Hausa confederation defeats Songhai empire (becoming major power in NW Africa) |
|
|
1518 |
EUROPE: Peace of London ends war between England, France, HRE, Pope & Spain -- Wolsey's doing |
1518 UR +tri PL Ta Cp |
|
+ |
* INNOVN: spectacles on public sale; Asian porcelain, coffee & chocolate introduced |
1518 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: founding of Royal College of Physicians (Linacre) & Royal Exchange (1519, Gresham) |
|
|
+ |
* INDIA: teacher Chaitanya revives Vishnu worship in E & N India; hindu revival |
|
|
1519 |
EUROPE: Habsburg Charles I (Sp) elected HRE Charles V (biggest Euro ruler since Charlemagne) |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Sikh religion founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Zwingli initiates Swiss Reformation; Luther questions Papal infallibility in Leipzig |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: MAGELLAN CIRCUMNAVIGATES WORLD (dies 1521 Philippines, survivors return 1522) |
|
|
1520 |
N EUROPE: Christian II of Denmark & Norway defeats Sweden (uniting Scandinavia) |
|
1520 NE Pi |
+ |
GERMANY: Anabaptist movement founded (Protestants who baptise active believers only) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Luther excommunicated; Swiss end Papal allegiance (breakthrough of Reformation) |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: CORTES CONQUERS the AZTEC EMPIRE (mainly by disease), claims Mexico for Spain |
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: rise of the Muslim states of Aceh (Sumatra) and Bantam (Java) |
||
1521 |
GERMANY: M Luther outlawed by HRE Diet of Worms (Reformation getting serious) |
1521 UR +sqt PL Ta Cp |
1521 NE Pi |
+ |
OTTOMANS: Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (1520-66, greatest Ottoman Sultan) conquers Hungary |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VIII named "Defender of Faith" by Pope Leo X (for anti-Luther stand) |
|
|
+ |
N EUROPE: Gustav Vasa & Swedes resist Danish invasion of Sweden |
|
|
1522 |
S AMERICA: Spaniards conquer Guatemala; explore Peru; Santo Domingo cathedral built |
1522 UR +sqt PL Ta Cp |
|
+ |
MED'N: Turks defeat Knights of St John on Rhodos (1530 Knights move to Malta) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Luther translates New Testament; criticises extremist Protestants at Wittenberg |
|
|
+ |
E AFRICA: war between Islamic Adal (Red Sea state) & Christian Ethiopia |
|
|
1523 |
N EUROPE: Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden: independence 1524 (beg'n of Greater Sweden) |
1523 Sa CONJ NE Pi Pi |
1523 UR Ge |
+ |
INNOVN: first marine insurance policies issued in Florence & Venice |
1523 PL on S Node |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Parliament under Thomas More rebels against Henry VIIIs tax demands |
1523 UR +sqt PL Ge Cp |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Fitzherbert's "Book of Husbandry": first agricultural manual published |
|
|
+ |
* S AMERICA: INCA EMPIRE AT ITS ZENITH (under Huayna Capac, 1493-1525) |
|
|
+ |
CHINA: Ming forces throw off major attack by Japanese Wako pirates (to protect sea trade) |
|
|
1524 |
GERMANY: Peasants' War across Germany: Protestants protest feudalism & aristocratic oppression |
1524 Sa CONJ NE Pi Pi |
1524 UR Ge |
+ |
INNOVN: Bennewitz's "Cosmographia" (first textbook on theoretical geography) |
1524 UR +sqt PL Ge Cp |
|
+ |
INDIA: Babur enters NW India; Vasco da Gama becomes first European viceroy in India (to Babur) |
|
|
+ |
C AMERICA: SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE MAYA BEGINS |
|
|
1525 |
HRE: Charles V becomes dominant in Italy on defeat of French and Swiss |
1525 UR +SQR NE Ge Pi |
|
+ |
GERMANY: Anabaptist Munzer sets up a communistic theocracy in Mulhausen; suppressed |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: civil war between N (Quito) & S (Cuzco) Inca kingdoms |
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Teut Knight Albert makes Prussia a secular duchy; Knights convert to Lutheranism |
|
|
1526 |
C EUROPE: Bt of Mohacs: Ottoman Turks overrun Hungary (independent Hungary capital at Bratislava) |
1526 UR +SQR NE Ge Pi |
|
+ |
C EUROPE: HABSBURG Austro-Hungarian state founded by Ferdinand of Austria, to resist Turks |
1526 UR on N Node |
|
+ |
INDIA: Bt of Panipat: BABUR CONQUERS DELHI, FOUNDS MUGHAL EMPIRE; Punjab invaded 1525 |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: creative peak of Albrecht Durer ("The Four Apostles"); Luther's "German Mass" |
|
|
1527 |
AUSTRIA: reorganisation of Habsburg gov't (to encompass expansion and Turkish pressures) |
1527 UR +SQR NE Ge Pi |
|
+ |
ITALY: Florence becomes a republic (cosmopolitan birthplace of Renaissance) |
1527 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp |
|
+ |
* N EUROPE: Lutheran reformation in Sweden & Denmark; * BENELUX: Hans Holbein's creative period |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Rome sacked by Holy Roman Emperor, signalling END OF RENAISSANCE |
|
|
+ |
E AFRICA: Muslim Adali chief Ahmed Gran (Somalia) attacks Christian Ethiopia |
|
|
1528 |
BRITAIN: beginning of Scottish Reformation; Henry VIII seeks divorce from Catherine of Aragon |
1528 UR +SQR NE Ge Pi |
|
+ |
EUROPE: typhus epidemic in Italy, Germany & Britain |
1528 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp |
|
+ |
IDEAS: Swiss Paracelsus, physician & alchemist, writes 1st manual of medical surgery |
|
|
+ |
* OTTOMAN EMPIRE REACHES PEAK OF INFLUENCE & EXTENT (on failing to take Vienna & Austria) |
|
|
1529 |
C EUROPE: Civil war between Catholics & Protestants (Caths eventually defeated) |
1529 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: "Reformation Parliament" summoned by Henry VIII (over divorce issue); fall of Wolsey |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: "Protestants" (hence name) protest oppression by Catholic majority at Diet of Speyer |
|
|
+ |
W EUROPE: Peace of Cambrai between France, Holy Roman Empire & England |
|
|
+ |
W AFRICA: Songhai dominates all of West Africa and its trade |
|
|
1530 |
ITALY: last HRE coronation by a Pope: Charles V crowned HRE & King of Italy |
1530 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp |
1530 UR Cn |
+ |
GERMANY: Prot princes unite as Schmalkaldic League against HRE & Pope; Augsburg Confession |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Portuguese establish first colonies in Brazil |
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: Antwerpen Exchange founded |
|
|
1531 |
WORLD: visitation of Halley's Comet, arousing much anticipation |
1531 HALLEY'S COMET |
|
+ |
* IBERIA: INQUISITION active, persecuting Protestants & Jews; Lisbon destroyed in earthquake |
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: first complete publication of Aristotle's works, by Erasmus (revival of classicism) |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VIII becomes supreme head of Anglican church |
|
|
1532 |
E EUROPE: war between Turks (Suleiman I) & Austria; Turks gain in Hungary, Aust keep Croatia |
|
1532 PL Aq |
+ |
S AMERICA: SPANISH CONQUISTADORS (Pizzarro) attack INCA EMPIRE; Great Inca killed 1533 |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Calvin starts the Protestant reformation in France |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Rabelais' "Pantagruel" satires; Machiavelli's "The Prince" (about fluxings of states) |
|
|
1533 |
RUSSIA: Ivan IV "The Terrible" Czar (1530-84, age 3); St Basil's Church begun |
1533 Sa CONJ UR Cn Cn |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn -- future Q Elizabeth I born; Henry excommunicated |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: the first "lunatic asylums" are set up (without medical input) |
|
|
+ |
* AFRICA: Ashanti, Dahomey & Benin kgdms lucratively selling slaves to Europeans |
|
|
* |
SE ASIA: Dai Viet kingdom fragments into petty states |
||
1534 |
BRITAIN: HENRY VIII breaks with Rome (tips balance of power to NW Europe, away from Rome) |
1534 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
1534 NE Ar |
+ |
FRANCE: foundation of Jesuit Order by Loyola (to counteract Protestant ascendancy) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Luther completes German translation of Bible; Anabaptist communistic state at Münster |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: French explorer Cartier explores Labrador, Quebec, St Lawrence (first unsuccessful colony) |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: first African slaves in New World landed in Brazil (beginning of transatlantic slave trade) |
|
|
1535 |
BRITAIN: dissention over Anglican Ch; Sir Th More executed for treason; Holbein's "Henry VIII" |
1535 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
1535 NE Ar |
+ |
N AFRICA: Charles V (HRE) invades Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Anabaptist state of Mulhausen surrenders to Catholic troops |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Spaniards establish viceroyalty of Mexico |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Mughal emperor Humayun invades Gujarat (W India) |
|
|
1536 |
BRITAIN: dissolution of 376 monasteries & religious houses; "Pilgrimage of Grace") opposition |
1536 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
1536 UR Le |
+ |
BRITAIN: gov't of England & Wales unified in London, Welsh language outlawed in Wales |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: foundation of Buenos Aires and Lima; end of first period of American colonisation |
|
|
+ |
N EUROPE: Lutheran reformation in Norway & Denmark |
|
|
1537 |
BRITAIN: newly-married Queens of England & Scotland both separately die (coincidentally) |
1537 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
1537 UR Le |
+ |
W EUROPE: Paracelsus' "Grosse Astronomie" (astrology); Mercator's map of Flanders |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: destruction of Chibcha Indian culture, by Conquistadors (Spanish control Colombia) |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1538 |
FRANCE: Calvin exiled from Geneve, settles in Strasbourg |
1538 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: destruction of churches & religious relics in England |
1538 UR OPPN PL Le Aq |
|
+ |
OTTOMANS: peak of Ottoman military power (on strength of foreign slave soldiers) |
1538 UR +tri NE Le Ar |
|
+ |
INDIA: Ottoman navy attacks Portuguese in India (control of Indian Ocean) |
|
|
1539 |
N EUROPE: Swedish Olaus Magnus of Upsala publishes a world map |
1539 UR OPPN PL Le Aq |
|
+ |
INDIA: Suri Afghans of Bihar conquer much of the Mughals' territory (Mughal retreat, until 1556) |
1539 UR +tri NE Le Ar |
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Tabin Shweti of Toungou begins to unify Burma (at peak by 1555) |
1539 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
|
+ |
|
1539 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar |
|
1540 |
* FRANCE: Nostradamus (1503-1566) at work; first publ predictions |
1547 1540 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
|
+ |
MED'N: Venice & Ottomans sign peace and trade treaty at Istanbul (Constantinople) |
1540 UR OPPN PL Le Aq |
|
+ |
W EUROPE: Servetus researches circulation of the blood |
1540 UR +tri NE Le Ar |
|
+ |
ROME: Pope calls Council of Trent to arrange Counter-Reformation; recognises Jesuit Order |
1540 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar |
|
1541 |
BRITAIN: John Knox leads the Calvinist Reformation in Scotland |
1541 UR +tri NE Le Ar |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Henry VIII assumes title of king of Ireland & head of Irish church |
|
|
+ |
C EUROPE: John Calvin founds reformed church and puritan Protestant order in Geneva |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Coronado explores New Mexico-Texas-Oklahoma areas for Spain; Mississippi discovered |
|
|
1542 |
BRITAIN: Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends Scots throne (age six days) |
|
|
+ |
ROME: Inquisition established in Rome by Pope Paul III |
|
|
+ |
ASIA: start to Jesuit St Francis Xavier's missions in Asia, at Goa |
|
|
+ |
* S AMERICA: Spaniards take over Aztec & Inca silver mines in Mexico & Peru (Potosi) |
|
|
+ |
CHINA: Mongols under Altan Khan attack N China (again in 1550) defeated by Ming |
|
|
1543 |
E EUROPE: Polish Copernicus publ "Of the Revolution of Celestial Bodies" (heliocentricity) |
|
1543 UR Vi |
+ |
IBERIA: Protestants first burned at stake for heresy by Spanish Inquisition |
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: Portuguese visit Japan, trading at Tanegashima |
|
|
+ |
IBERIA: da Garay designs a steam boat |
|
|
1544 |
EUROPE: Agricola establishes study of geology; Ghini publishes herbal medical manual |
1544 UR +sqt NE Vi Ar |
|
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1545 |
EUROPE: COUNCIL OF TRENT initiates the COUNTER-REFORMATION by Catholics |
1545 UR +sqt NE Vi Ar |
|
+ |
C EUROPE: HRE, Austria & Ottomans sign Truce of Adrianople |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: first European botanical garden at Padua, Italy |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Mercator idents earth's magnetic pole; Cordus' "Pharmacopeia"; infections also studied |
|
|
1546 |
W AFRICA: destruction of Mali empire by Songhai empire, Sahel |
1546 UR +sqt NE Vi Ar |
|
+ |
GERMANY: civil war between Catholic HRE & Protestant Schmalkaldic League |
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Ottomans occupy Moldavia |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Martin Luther dies |
|
|
1547 |
EUROPE: new monarchs: Ivan IV Czar (majority); Edward VI K England; Henry II K France |
1547 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq |
1547 NE Ta |
+ |
RUSSIA: Moscow destroyed by fire; Ivan IV crowned first czar of Russia |
1547 UR +sqt NE Vi Ta |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: taxes levied in London to support the poor |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1548 |
OTTOMANS: incursions into Persia; occupation of Tabriz |
1548 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq |
1548 NE Ta |
+ |
FRANCE: first covered theatre opened in Paris, Hotel de Bourgogne |
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: St Francis Xavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1549 |
RUSSIA: Ivan IV calls the first national assembly in Russia |
1549 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq |
1549 UR Li |
+ |
S AMERICA: Jesuit missionaries establish themselves in S America |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: rebellion in Devon & Norfolk |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1550 |
CHINA: Mongol Altan Khan attacks N China; Japanese pirate raids in CHINA: China under attack |
1550 UR +qcx NE Li Ta |
1550 UR Li |
|
+ |
* W EUROPE: BEGINNING of the EARLY BAROQUE PERIOD |
|
|
|
+ |
* IBERIA: SPAIN AT THE ZENITH OF GROWTH AND POWER 1550-1600 |
|
|
|
+ |
W EUROPE: creative period of painter Titian (1477-1576); Michaelangelo still at work |
|
|
|
1551 |
OTTOMANS: Turks take Libya, but fail to capture Malta from Knights of St John |
1551 UR +qcx NE Li Ta |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: foundation of university of Lima, Peru |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: early playing of cricket (England) and billiards (Italy) |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
1552 |
C ASIA: Ivan IV the Terrible of Russia conquers Khanates of Kazan & Astrakhan (by 1556) |
1552 Sa CONJ PL Aq Aq |
1552 PL Pi |
|
+ |
GERMANY: half of HRE Imperial army killed by typhus |
1552 UR +qcx NE Li Ta |
|
|
+ |
|
1552 UR -sqt PL Li Aq |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
1553 |
BRITAIN: succession problems & revolt of Catholics in England; Mary I, Queen (1553-8) |
1553 UR +qcx NE Li Ta |
1553 PL Pi |
|
+ |
OTTOMANS: Suleiman I makes peace with Persia |
1553 UR -sqt PL Li Pi |
|
|
+ |
N EUROPE: British explore northern passage, visiting Archangelsk, disc Novaya Zemla |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
1554 |
BRITAIN: Catholic restoration in England, under Mary I; rebellion in Kent |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
1555 |
GERMANY: Peace of Augsburg gives Protestant states equality with Catholic states |
|
1555 UR Sc |
|
+ |
N AMERICA: French colony established at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
|
|
|
+ |
CHINA: seige of Nanking by Japanese pirates |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Catholic Thomas Cranmer burned at stake by Protestants |
|
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Burma: Toungou invades Ava & Chiangmai (unification of Burma, lasts to 1600) |
|
|
|
1556 |
RUSSIA: Ivan the Terrible conquers Ukraine (to reach Black Sea) |
1556 UR -tri PL Sc Pi |
1556 UR Sc |
|
+ |
HRE: abdication of Charles V; Spain goes to Philip II, HRE to Ferdinand I of Austria |
|
|
|
+ |
INDIA: accession of popular AKBAR THE GREAT, Moghul emperor 1556-1605, Moghul empire restored |
|
|
|
+ |
CHINA: largest death toll by an earthquake in history, 830,000 die in Shanxi province |
|
|
|
1557 |
CHINA: Portuguese establish Macao, China, as the first Euro-Chinese trading post |
1557 UR -tri PL Sc Pi |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: economic problems, state bankruptcy in Spain & France; influenza epidemic in Europe |
1557 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
1558 |
FRANCE: English lose Calais (last English continental possession) |
1558 UR -tri PL Sc Pi |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: accession of Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1558-1603); Lord Dudley chief adviser |
1558 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Hamburg Exchange founded in free city of Hamburg |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: economist Gresham proposes reform of English currency |
|
|
|
1559 |
INNOVN: tobacco first introduced into Europe (in the form of snuff, in Portugal) |
1559 Sa CONJ NE Ta Ta |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Mary Queen of Scots, wife of French king, claims English throne |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Portuguese begin sugar plantations in Brazil |
|
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: smallpox epidemic in Brazil kills millions of indigenous people |
|
|
|
1560 |
BRITAIN: church of Scotland founded; beginnings of Puritan movement in England |
|
1560 NE Ge |
|
+ |
FRANCE: liberty of worship promised after Protestant Huguenot rising |
|
|
|
+ |
MED'N: Ottoman fleet destroys Spanish fleet off Tripoli, Libya |
|
|
|
+ |
IBERIA: Madrid becomes capital of Spain |
|
|
|
1561 |
FRANCE: Edict of Orleans ends persecution of Huguenots |
|
1561 NE Ge |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: England takes in Calvinist Huguenots from Flanders (part of HRE) |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Scottish "Confessions of Faith", clarifying reformation after work of John Knox |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
1562 |
FRANCE: Wars of Religion (1562-98), between Huguenots & Catholics; 1200 Huguenots massacred |
|
1562 UR Sg |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Shane O'Neill's rebellion against English rule in Ireland |
|
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: English seize le Havre, losing it following year; plague in Paris |
|
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: Pieter Brueghel (1520-69), painter, at work |
|
|
|
1563 |
C EUROPE: Habsburg Maximilian II king of Bohemia & Hungary |
1563 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge |
1563 UR Sg |
|
+ |
C EUROPE: Counter-Reformation begins in Bavaria & Poland |
|
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: plague over most of Europe |
|
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: voyages of John Hawkins to Americas, takes many items back to England |
|
|
|
1564 |
W EUROPE: England & France end war at Peace of Troyes |
1564 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge |
|
|
+ |
HRE: Maximilian II HR Emperor (1564-76) |
|
|
|
+ |
RUSSIA: revolt of Boyars (nobles) against Ivan IV the Terrible |
|
|
|
+ |
ROME: Index of prohibited books released by the Pope (as part of Counter-Reformation) |
|
|
|
1565 |
INDIA: Akbar the Great extends Mughal power to the Deccan; fall of state of Vijayanagar |
1565 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge |
|
|
+ |
MED'N: Turks beseige Knights of St John on Malta; Spanish support, Turks withdraw |
1565 UR on S Node |
|
|
+ |
ATLANTIC: Spaniards establish major convoys to carry valuable goods across Atlantic |
|
|
|
+ |
E ASIA: Spaniards occupy Philippine islands, building capital Manila 1571 |
|
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: first American colony at St Augustine, Florida (Spanish, built to stop Huguenots taking Florida) |
|
|
|
1566 |
BENELUX: DUTCH REVOLT AGAINST SPAIN BEGINS: Dutch Inquisition abolished after Calvinist riots |
1566 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge |
|
|
+ |
C EUROPE: renewal of warring between Ottomans & Austro-Hungarians |
1566 UR -SQR PL Sg Pi |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: a regular newspaper appears in Venice |
|
|
|
+ |
* OTTOMANS: gradual disintegration of Ottoman Empire (1567-1661) |
|
|
|
1567 |
BRITAIN: scandals around Mary Queen of Scots bring her abdication |
1567 UR -SQR PL Sg Pi |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Irish rebellion suppressed, Shane O'Neill killed |
1567 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: reign of terror starts on arrival of new Habsburg governor |
|
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: coup d'etat by Nobunaga, centralising government in Kyoto; Japan unifies, opens to westerners |
|
|
|
1568 |
E EUROPE: peace between Ottoman Selim II & Habsburg Maximilian II |
1568 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
|
+ |
N EUROPE: coup d'etat in Sweden; Johann III king of Sweden (1568-92) |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: first modern Welsh Eisteddfod |
|
|
|
+ |
* S AMERICA: typhoid fever, brought by Europeans, kills millions of indigenous people |
|
|
|
1569 |
BRITAIN: rebellion in N England, Durham cathedral damaged |
1569 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
1569 UR Cp |
|
+ |
IBERIA: Morisco rebellion in Grenada, Spain |
|
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Union of Lublin unites Poland & Lithuania |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Mercator's "Cosmographia" and world navigational maps |
|
|
|
1570 |
JAPAN: Nagasaki opens to trade with Portuguese, Ports carry forbidden Chinese goods |
1570 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
1570 UR Cp |
|
+ |
MED'N: Turks attack Cyprus, declare war on Venice |
|
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Huguenots receive amnesty, in third stage of Wars of Religion |
|
|
|
+ |
* BRITAIN: major economic growth in England under Elizabeth I |
|
|
|
1571 |
MED'N: Bt of Lepanto between Austrians (Don John) & Turks (end of Turkish seapower in C Med'n) |
1571 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
|
+ |
AFRICA: Portuguese establish a colony in Angola; ZENITH OF KANEM-BORNU (Chad) under Idris III |
|
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: reconciliation between Huguenots & Catholic Charles IX |
|
|
|
+ |
RUSSIA: Moscow attacked by Crimean Tatars |
|
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Akbar builds new Moghul capital at Fatehpur Sikri (seeking to build new religious tolerance) |
|
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Spanish found Manila in the Philippines (beginning of serious takeover of Philippines) |
|
|
|
1572 |
BENELUX: Dutch revolt against Spanish Habsburg rule; Haarlem beseiged |
1572 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: massacre of St Bartholomew against Huguenots in Paris; Wars of Religion restart |
|
|
|
+ |
* INNOVN: Tycho Brahe (1546-1602) pioneers observational astronomy in Denmark |
|
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: English under Francis Drake harry & raid Spanish ships & ports in S America |
|
|
|
+ |
WORLD: visible nova appears in Cassiopaeia constellation |
|
|
|
1573 |
CHINA: Ming Wan Li Emperor of China (1573-1620) |
|
|
|
+ |
MED'N: Ottomans & Venetians sign Peace of Constantinople (trade deals, Cyprus passes to Ottomans) |
|
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: Hideyoshi conquers lands across Japan to assist Nobunaga's unification of Japan (complete 1590) |
|
|
|
1574 |
OTTOMANS: Murad III, Sultan of Turkey (1574-95); N AFRICA: Tunisia taken by Ottomans from Spaniards |
|
1574 NE Cn |
|
+ |
* BENELUX: Habsburgs hold control in Holland, no concessions; storms break dikes, troops drown |
|
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: crowns of France & Poland held by same king, Henry III of France |
|
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Moghul invasion of Gujarat (for seaports, 1572) & Bengal (by 1576) |
|
|
|
1575 |
INDIA: Moghul Akbar the Great conquers Bengal |
|
1575 NE Cn |
|
+ |
IBERIA: Spanish state goes bankrupt; ASIA: Muslim princes expel Spaniards from Molluccas |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Tycho Brahe constructs special observatory at Uraniborg |
|
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Brazil exports sugar, attracts many Port settlers; slave trade from Angola (Luanda) to Brazil |
|
|
|
1576 |
FRANCE: Edict of Beaulieu offers toleration of Huguenots |
1576 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi |
|
|
+ |
HRE: Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612) |
|
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: Spaniards attack Antwerpen; Don John becomes governor of Neths; Congress of Ghent |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Jean Bodin's "La Republique" advocates constitutional monarchy |
|
|
|
1577 |
BENELUX: Spanish don John deposed by Dutch States General; William of Orange takes Bruxelles |
1577 UR -sxt PL Aq Ar |
1577 UR Aq |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Holinshed's "Chronicles of England, Scotland & Ireland" |
1577 Sa OPPN NE Cp Cn |
1577 PL Ar |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Francis Drake sets out to circumnavigate world, returns 1580 |
|
|
|
+ |
* BRITAIN: setting up of trading companies to cover different parts of the world |
|
|
|
+ |
C ASIA: Altan Khan accepts authority of Dalai Lama & Buddhism over the Mongols (major cultural change) |
|
|
|
1578 |
N AFRICA: Bt of Al Kasr al Kebir: Moroccans destroy Portuguese power in NW Africa |
|
1578 PL Ar |
|
+ |
PERSIA: Mohammed Khudabanda, Shi'ite Shah of Persia (1578-87) |
|
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: one of Japan's rulers, Otomo Yoshishige, converted to Christianity by Jesuits |
|
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: Habsburgs lose initiative in Holland; English seek to mediate |
|
|
|
1579 |
BENELUX: Dutch Republic founded at Union of Utrecht; Anglo-Dutch alliance (trade interests) |
1579 UR -qcx NE Aq Cn |
1579 PL Ar |
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Francis Drake claims California ("New Albion") for England (not followed up) |
|
|
|
+ |
* EUROPE: heated attention on witchcraft across Europe |
|
|
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Long War (1578-90) between Sunnite Ottomans & Shi'ite Persians |
|
|
|
1580 |
IBERIA: Spaniards invade Portugal; vast empire in Americas & Philippines |
1580 Sa CONJ UR Aq Aq |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: seventh outbreak of Wars of Religion |
1580 UR -qcx NE Aq Cn |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: earthquake in London brings about building laws restricting city growth |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: intro from Chile of potato to Britain, Germany & Austria (high yield carbohydrates) |
|
|
|
1581 |
RUSSIA: Yermak and Cossacks begins Russian exploration/conquest of Siberia, to 1598 |
1581 UR -qcx NE Aq Cn |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Moghul Akbar the Great (re-)invades Afghanistan; AFRICA: Moroccan expansion into Sahara |
|
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Pope Gregorius XIII (1572-85) attempts to reconcile Catholic & Russ Orthodox churches |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Galileo Galilei (1564-1650) researches properties of pendulum |
|
|
|
1582 |
E EUROPE: Poland & Sweden attack Russia; Poland gains Livonia & Estonia Russian Baltic access blocked |
1582 UR -qcx NE Aq Cn |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Gregorian calendar adopted in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Scandinavia |
1582 UR -ssq PL Aq Ar |
|
|
+ |
CHINA: MING DECLINE; emperors cease conducting court business; reign of terror by officials; corruption |
|
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: first English colony in America, founded in Newfoundland |
|
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: Hideyoshi becomes shogun of unifying Japan (1582-1600, centralisation, security and control) |
|
|
|
1583 |
BENELUX: punitive attack on Antwerpen by French (in support of HRE) |
|
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: William of Orange becomes ruler of N Holland; assassinated 1584 (by Habsburgs) |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Merchant Adventurers send expeditions to Persia & India; plots against Elizabeth I |
|
|
|
+ |
CHINA: first Jesuit mission in China |
|
|
|
1584 |
SE ASIA: Phra Narai creates an independent Siam |
|
1584 UR Pi |
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Sir Walter Raleigh annexes Virginia |
|
|
|
+ |
RUSSIA: Boris Gudonov comes to power in Russia, Ivan dies; Archangelsk founded, link to west |
|
|
|
+ |
* OTTOMANS: econ inflation, rising population & shrinking economy slowly erode Ottoman empire |
|
|
|
1585 |
BENELUX: England & France refuse sovereignty of Neths; Amsterdam & Rotterdam now main ports |
1585 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar |
1585 UR Pi |
|
+ |
C AMERICA: Sir Francis Drake attacks Spanish bases in Caribbean |
|
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: dictatorship in Kyoto under Hideyoshi (Shogun 1585-98) |
|
|
|
+ |
* BRITAIN: Shakespeare (1564-1616) becomes known; also playwright Christopher Marlowe |
|
|
|
1586 |
BRITAIN: Mary Q of Scots jailed at Fotheringay (treason, plot against Eliz I), executed 1587 |
|
|
|
+ |
PERSIA: Abbas I, Shah of Persia (1586-1628) |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: bad harvests & food shortages in England |
|
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Portuguese freebooters try to seize power in Burma & Cambodia, are expelled |
|
|
|
1587 |
ROME: Pope Sixtus V proclaims Catholic crusade against England; offers financial aid to Armada |
1587 UR -ssx PL Pi Ar |
1587 NE Le |
|
+ |
JAPAN: Hideyoshi closes Japan to foreigners, banishing Portuguese missionaries |
|
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Swedish royal son becomes king Sigismund III of Poland (1587-1632) |
|
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: architect Inigo Jones (1573-1652) begins work |
|
|
|
1588 |
W EUROPE: Spanish Armada defeated by the English (establishes English supremacy on the seas) |
1588 UR -sqt NE Pi Cn |
1588 NE Le |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: translation of Bible into Welsh by William Morgan (first fixing of written Welsh) |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: development of shorthand by Timothy Bright in England |
|
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: rebellion in Brittany, Rouen, la Rochelle |
|
|
|
+ |
PERSIA: Abbas I the Great becomes shah (1588-1629, many conflicts with Ottomans) |
|
|
|
1589 |
FRANCE: Henry III assassinated, naming Henry IV (K of Navarre) heir (first Bourbon king) |
1589 UR -sqt NE Pi Le |
|
|
+ |
RUSSIA: Boris Gudunov reaffirms Russian Orthodox independence of Patriarch of Constantinople |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Hakluyt's chronicles of voyages of European explorers; Galileo professor at Pisa |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: knitting machine developed in England; forks first used in France |
|
|
|
1590 |
MIDEAST: Shah Abbas of Persia signs peace with Turks, ceding Georgia & Tabriz |
1590 UR -sqt NE Pi Le |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: succession difficulties; Henry IV beseiges Paris |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: coal mining begins in Ruhr valley, Germany (prelude to industrial revolution) |
|
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Shakespeare's "Henry VI"; Spenser's "Faerie Queen"; Galileo's work on gravitation |
|
|
|
1591 |
N AFRICA: Bt of Tondibi: Moroccans destroy Songhai kingdom in Sahel, annex Timbuktu & W Sudan |
1591 NE on N Node |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Henry IV excommunicated by Pope Gregorius XIV |
1591 UR -sqt NE Pi Le |
|
|
+ |
* S AMERICA: SPANISH AMERICAN COLONIES at peak of growth, prosperity and influence |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Janssen develops the microscope |
|
|
|
1592 |
INDIA: Moghul Akbar the Great conquers Sind |
|
1592 UR Ar |
|
+ |
JAPAN: Hideyoshi attempts invasion of Korea, then China; stopped by Koreans & Ming Chinese |
|
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: crowns of Poland & Sweden united under Sigismund III |
|
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Sir James Lancaster explores Malayan coast |
|
|
|
1593 |
C EUROPE: Austrian Rudolf II renews war on Ottoman Turks |
|
1593 UR Ar |
|
+ |
FRANCE: Henry IV becomes Catholic, appeasing Pope |
|
|
|
+ |
ITALY: founding of Sant Ambrogio Bank in Milan |
|
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Galileo's "Golden Rule" |
|
|
|
1594 |
FRANCE: Henry IV king of France (1594-1610); freedom of worship given to Huguenots |
1594 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Akbar the Great takes Kandahar, Afghanistan |
1594 Sa CONJ NE Le Le |
|
|
+ |
C EUROPE: Turks move dangerously close to Vienna, at Raab (threat to Europe) |
|
|
|
+ |
INDIA: English trader Lancaster breaks Portuguese trade monopoly in India |
|
|
|
1595 |
SE ASIA: Dutch begin to colonise Indonesia (East Indies) |
1595 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
|
+ |
W EUROPE: French Henry IV declares war on Spain; Spaniards attack Penzance, Cornwall |
|
|
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: Protestant peasant revolt in Upper Austria; forced re-Catholicisation in 1597 |
|
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Giordano Bruno, scientist, jailed by Pope (supporter of Copernican heresy, killed 1600) |
|
|
|
1596 |
W EUROPE: Cadiz raided by English; Spanish take Calais (to cut links between England & France) |
1596 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
|
+ |
ASIA: Japan & China make peace; 1597 Hideyoshi resumes attacks on Korea |
1596 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Galileo invents thermometer; Kepler (1571-1630) at work on planetary orbits |
|
|
|
+ |
N EUROPE: rivalry between Hansa League (Baltic trading cities) & English traders, peak 1598 |
|
|
|
1597 |
W EUROPE: second Spanish Armada against England stopped by storms |
1597 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
|
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: Transylvania ceded to Austria; Protestants exiled from Austria & Styria |
1597 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
|
+ |
* BRITAIN: Sir Francis Bacon, scientist & philosopher (1561-1627) at work |
|
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Dutch found colony of Batavia, Java (bypassing Portuguese); Dutch take Mauritius 1598 |
|
|
|
1598 |
RUSSIA: troubles in Russia; Boris Gudunov formally elected Czar |
1598 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
|
+ |
PERSIA: Shah Abbas I creates an imperial capital at Isfahan; INDIA: Moghul capital moves to Agra |
1598 UR CONJ PL Ar Ar |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Wars of Religion end in France, with Treaty of Ponts de Ce |
1598 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: Tokugawa Shogunate restored (to 1868) on death of Hideyoshi; Ieyasu shogun (1598-1605) |
|
|
|
1599 |
FRANCE: reforms of economy, taxation, trade and farming by minister Duke of Sully |
1599 UR -tri NE Ar Le |
1599 UR Ta |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Globe Theatre built; Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", "As You Like It", "Twelfth Night" |
1599 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: James VI of Scotland writes against witchcraft & on divine right of kings |
1599 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
|
|
+ |
* C ASIA: Khanate of Bokhara (Samarkand-Tashkent, 1598-1785); end of Uzbek Khanate (1447-1598) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elizabeth I, England (cultural upswing); Akbar the Great, Mughal India (Mughal greatness); Protestant-Catholic rivalry (Puritans & Huguenots), social & religious rebellions, Europe; beginning of long, slow Ottoman decline; Nobunaga coup & shogunate, unifiying & modernising Japan (opened to foreigners); English expansion overseas (Sir Francis Drake); European early colonial expansion; Boyar revolt against Ivan the Terrible, Russia; Dutch revolt begins against Spain; death of millions of indigenous people by typhoid fever introduced by Europeans, Americas; zenith of Saharan Kanem-Bornu; Spaniards occupy Philippines; expansion of Ottomans in the Balkans; fall of Vijayanagar to Mughals, S India |
|
|
1600 |
W EUROPE: foundation of English & Dutch (1602) East India Companies (opening Eastern contacts) |
1600 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
1600 UR Ta |
+ |
* W AFRICA: Oyo & Benin forest states (Nigeria) at height of their development |
1600 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
|
+ |
JAPAN: Tokugawa Ieyasu consolidates power, moves capital to Tokyo, starts Tokugawa period |
|
|
+ |
N EUROPE: persecution of Catholics in Sweden under Karl IX (1599-1611) |
|
|
1601 |
BENELUX: Austrians beseige Oostende, successful by 1604 |
1601 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta |
1601 NE Vi |
+ |
BRITAIN: Elizabeth I's 'Golden Speech', about achievements of her reign; monopolies abolished |
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: 'False Dmitri' in Poland, gains support for invasion of Russia |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Dutch invent telescope; Brahe & Kepler work in Prague; Gilbert on electr'y & magnetism |
|
|
1602 |
SE ASIA: English est trading station at Bantam, Java (spice trade); * World: 50% of world known to Europeans |
|
1602 NE Vi |
+ |
EUROPE: Dutch East India Co founded, Amsterdam, occupies HQ at Batavia, Java, 1619 |
|
|
+ |
IRELAND: Spanish army surrenders to English at Kinsale, after attempted invasion of Ireland |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Brahe's Star Catalog; Galileo researches laws of gravitation & oscillation |
|
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: Rudolf II suppresses meetings of Protestant Moravian Brethren |
|
|
1603 |
MIDEAST: 2nd Long War between Ottomans and Safavid Persia (1603-19); costly Ottoman conquests |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: death of Elizabeth I; James I of Scotland becomes king of England (1603-25); STUART DYNASTY |
|
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: revolts in Transylvania against Rudolf II |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: serious outbreak of plague in England |
|
|
1604 |
RUSSIA: "False Dmitri", claimant to throne defeated by Boris Gudunov Russia's 'time of troubles' 1604-13 |
|
|
+ |
W EUROPE: Peace signed between England & Spain; trade treaty between England & France |
|
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Turks lose Tabriz to Persia |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Kepler's "Optics" |
|
|
1605 |
RUSSIA: Boris Gudunov dies; 'False Dmitri' takes throne, killed, succession problems |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: Jahangir, Moghul emperor (1605-27) |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Gunpowder Plot; (Guy Fawkes and friends attempt to blow up King & Parliament) |
|
|
+ |
JAPAN: Tokugawa Hidetada (Shogun 1605-23) succeeds Shogun Ieyasu |
|
|
1606 |
E EUROPE: Peace of Zsitva-Torok, between Austria & Ottomans |
1606 UR +ssx PL Ge Ta |
1606 UR Ge |
+ |
FRANCE: large-scale program of road-building & public works embarked upon |
|
|
+ |
* ARTS: Monteverdi (1587-1643) at work establishing opera as an art form |
|
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Jesuits establish a state in Paraguay |
|
|
1607 |
N AMERICA: first permanent English settlement in N America at Jamestown, Virginia |
1607 HALLEY'S COMET |
1607 UR Ge |
+ |
IRELAND: O'Dogherty rebellion, several Irish nobles flee to Spain fearing arrest for revolt |
1607 UR +ssx PL Ge Ta |
1607 PL Ta |
+ |
BRITAIN: proposed union of England & Scotland rejected by Parliament |
1607 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
|
+ |
EUROPE: national bankruptcy in Spain causes failure of Bank of Genoa |
|
|
1608 |
N AMERICA: French colonists (Champlain) found New France Quebec & St Lawrence |
1608 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
1608 PL Ta |
+ |
IRELAND: O'Dogherty rebellion against English loses steam |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Protestant Union formed between Prot states in Rhineland |
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: first use of cheques in Holland |
|
|
1609 |
BENELUX: independence of the Dutch Republic; 12 years truce between Spain & Holland |
1609 NE +sqt PL Vi Ta |
|
+ |
GERMANY: Catholic League founded, in answer to arising of Protestant Union |
|
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: Rudolf II permits freedom of worship in Bohemia |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Dutch East India Co brings tea to Europe from China |
|
|
1610 |
* EUROPE: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION begins: Kepler, Bacon, Galileo, Descartes (1596-1663) |
1610 UR on N Node |
|
+ |
FRANCE: Henry IV assassinated; Louis XIII king at age 9, Maria de Medici regent |
1610 NE +sqt PL Vi Ta |
|
+ |
INNOVN: Galileo finds Jupiter's moons; Harriott discovers sunspots; Speed's maps of Britain |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Hudson explores Delaware, Hudson River (NY) and Hudson's Bay |
|
|
1611 |
BRITAIN: Parliament dissolved by James I |
1611 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
|
+ |
N EUROPE: Denmark & Sweden at war, to 1613 |
1611 UR +ssq PL Ge Ta |
|
+ |
EUROPE: Gustav II Adolphus king of Sweden (1611-32), Axel Oxenstjerna becomes chancellor |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: King James' Bible published; JAPAN: major earthquakes |
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Champa (S Vietnam) absorbed by Cochin-China (C Vietnam) |
|
|
1612 |
S ASIA: Dutch sign peace & trading treaty with the king of Kandy, Ceylon |
1612 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: last recorded burning of heretics in England |
1612 UR +ssq PL Ge Ta |
|
+ |
* EUROPE: philosophers Jakob Boehme, Henry More, Francis Bacon, Francisco Suarez at work |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Virginians plant tobacco, colonise Bermudas, stop French in Maryland & Nova Scotia |
|
|
1613 |
RUSSIA: Czar Mikael I, first of Romanov dynasty (to 1917), elected after succession troubles |
1613 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
1613 UR Cn |
+ |
SE ASIA: Sultan Agung of Mataram (1613-46), Javanese ruler resists Dutch incursions |
1613 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi |
|
+ |
W EUROPE: German Protestant Union agrees alliance with Holland |
|
|
+ |
C EUROPE: Turks assault Hungary; peace 1615 |
|
|
1614 |
BRITAIN: James I's second ('Addled') Parliament dissolves, refusing to discuss royal finances |
1614 UR -SQR NE Ge Vi |
1614 UR Cn |
+ |
FRANCE: States General called by regent Maria to restrict powers of nobility |
1614 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi |
1614 NE Li |
+ |
N EUROPE: Gustavus Adolphus starts Swedish expansion by capturing Novgorod, Russia |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Napier's logarithms |
|
|
1615 |
W EUROPE: Habsburg (Austria-Spain) & Bourbon (France) dynasties unite through two marriages |
|
1615 NE Li |
+ |
ASIA: Portuguese losses: Dutch take Moluccas, English win naval battle off Bombay |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Galileo called to account to the Inquisition; prohibited from scientific work 1616 |
|
|
+ |
E ASIA: Nurhachi becomes leader of Jurchen/Manchu peoples (beginning of Manchu ascendancy) |
|
|
1616 |
W EUROPE: rise to ministerial power of Richelieu (France) & Francis Bacon (England) |
1616 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
|
+ |
E ASIA: anti-Christian Hidetada Shogun in Japan; Manchu/Jurchen Tatars attack China (to 1620) |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Venice and Austria at war, ends 1618 |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: James I near bankruptcy, sells peerages to earn money; visits Scotland 1617 |
|
|
1617 |
N EUROPE: Swedes return Novgorod, receive Livonia, recognise Czar Mikael |
1617 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
|
+ |
S AMERICA: Sir Walter Raleigh reaches Orinoco river, in search of El Dorado gold sources |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Snellius' Law of Reflection of light; Harvey works on circulation of the blood |
|
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Ottomans lose Azerbaijan, Georgia and, temporarily, Baghdad & Mosul, in war with Persia |
|
|
1618 |
EUROPE: outbreak of Thirty Years War, over Habsburg succession & religious issues |
1618 PL Aphn 10Ta |
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: Ferdinand II defeats Bohemian Prot revolt (with gold & troops from Spain & Germany) |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Sir Walter Raleigh executed; Richelieu exiled |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Kepler states his third law of planetary motion |
|
|
1619 |
SE ASIA: foundation of Batavia (Jakarta) by Dutch: beginning of Dutch East Indies |
1619 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
|
+ |
FRANCE: succession challenges, Richelieu saves Louis XIII, beating Maria de Medici |
|
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: election of Archduke Ferdinand II HRE (1620-37); opposition in Bohemia |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: first colonial assembly at Jamestown, Virginia |
|
|
1620 |
N AMERICA: puritan Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth, Massachussetts; English settle Maine 1622 |
1620 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
1620 UR Le |
+ |
INNOVN: first weekly newspapers in Europe (Mainz & Amsterdam) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Agreement of Ulm between Protestant Union & Catholic League |
|
|
+ |
C EUROPE: Catholic League beats Bohemians, revolt suppressed; Bohemian Prot clergy exiled |
|
|
1621 |
EUROPE: 30 Yrs War switches from Bohemia to Palatinate; war between Holland & Spain |
1621 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
1621 UR Le |
+ |
FRANCE: Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII & Richelieu; ends 1622 with treaty |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: new colonial laws for Virginia, new gov'nr Wyatt; Eng occupies N Scotia & Nfndland |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Francis Bacon charged with corruption, later pardoned |
|
|
1622 |
GERMANY: Catholics gain the upper hand over Protestants in Thirty Years' War |
1622 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
|
+ |
ASIA: English capture Hormuz from Portuguese (giving access to Persian Gulf) |
|
|
+ |
ROME: Pope Gregorius XV adopts January 1st as New Year (previously March 25th) |
|
|
+ |
* EUROPE: Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt (still young), Brueghel the Elder, Inigo Jones at work |
|
|
1623 |
SE ASIA: Dutch massacre English traders at Amboina, Moluccas |
1623 UR +SQR PL Le Ta |
|
+ |
GERMANY: Cath League occupy Westphalia & Lr Saxony; punishment of Bohemia, forced Catholicis'n |
1623 Sa CONJ UR Le Le |
|
+ |
N EUROPE: Gustavus Adolphus reforms Swedish government |
1623 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
|
+ |
PERSIA: Shah Abbas I conquers Baghdad |
|
|
1624 |
N AMERICA: Virginia becomes an English crown colony; British settlement of Caribbean begins |
1624 UR +SQR PL Le Ta |
|
+ |
C EUROPE: rise of Albrecht von Wallenstein; becomes rich by land dealings, lends army to Caths |
1624 UR -sxt NE Le Li |
|
+ |
N AMERICA: Dutch colonies formally organised as New Netherlands; New Amsterdam (NY) settled |
1624 Sa CONJ UR Le Le |
|
+ |
* EUROPE: costs of Thirty Years War to royalty & plundered peoples enormous & destructive |
|
|
+ |
E ASIA: Dutch occupy Taiwan (previously independent, taken by Ching China 1683) |
|
|
1625 |
N AMERICA: Dutch settle New Amsterdam (New York); harass Spanish ships in Atlantic |
1625 UR -sxt NE Le Li |
|
+ |
CHINA: Manchu Ch'ing expansion in Manchuria, cap Mukden |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Charles I, king of England & Scotland (1625-49); plague in London |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Catholic mercenary army under Tilly occupies Lr Saxony, beats Danes 1626 |
|
|
1626 |
GERMANY: Wallenstein defeats Prots, pushes them to Silesia & Hungary; masters N Germany |
1626 UR -sxt NE Le Li |
1626 UR Vi |
+ |
N AMERICA: Dutch buy and settle Manhattan from local Indians for $25, renamed New Amsterdam |
|
|
+ |
FRANCE: Richelieu becomes a virtual dictator of France; Huguenot rising in La Rochelle |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Naples destroyed (again) by earthquake, 70,000 die |
|
|
1627 |
CHINA: wave of peasant rebellions against Ming dynasty: major crop failures; Manchus take power in Korea |
|
1627 UR Vi |
+ |
INDIA: Shahjahan (1627-56), expands Mughal system & lands; Maratha Sivaji (1627-80) king in South |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Cath forces occupy N Germany & Jutland; embattled Danes move to Zeeland |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
1628 |
W AFRICA: Portuguese destroy the Mwenemutapa empire |
|
1628 NE Sc |
+ |
BRITAIN: rebellion in Somerset; rebellion in Fenland 1630; Cromwell becomes an MP |
|
|
+ |
* EUROPE: philosophers John Donne & Rene Descartes at work |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: fortunes change for Wallenstein & Catholics; Sweden joins war, allied with Denmark |
|
|
1629 |
N AMERICA: English found Massachusetts Bay colony, storm Quebec (beg Eng-Fr American rivalry) |
1629 Sa CONJ NE Sc Sc |
1629 NE Sc |
+ |
PERSIA: death of Safavid Abbas I starts period of confusion and decline in Persia |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: HRE defeats German Protestants; Edict of Restitution returns church land to church |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Charles I dissolves Parliament (not to meet again until 1640) |
|
|
1630 |
* BENELUX: height of artistic culture in Netherlands: Hals, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Reubens |
1630 Sa CONJ NE Sc Sc |
|
+ |
ATLANTIC: Dutch seize Portuguese bases in W Africa, Angola & Brazil (cutting Port trade) |
|
|
+ |
ARTS: HIGH BAROQUE PERIOD 1630-80: Monteverdi, Torelli, Frescobaldi; opera, aria, overture |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: fall of Wallenstein; Prot Swedes under G Adolphus enter Germany; fortunes turn in war |
|
|
1631 |
GERMANY: Swedes aid German Protestants, beating Caths at Breitenfeld, takes Wurzburg & Mainz |
1631 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
+ |
FRANCE: Maria de Medici, exiled to Bruxelles, undertakes to fell Richelieu |
1631 UR -ssq NE Vi Sc |
|
+ |
ITALY: eruption of Mt Vesuvius, earthquake in Naples |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: famines & floods kill 100,000 in N India |
|
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Sultanate of Macassar at its zenith (1631-60, E Indonesia, Celebes, Moluccas, rich from spice trade) |
|
|
1632 |
N AMERICA: English claim Maryland; settle St Kitts (Leeward Is); Dutch settle Delaware |
1632 UR +tri PL Vi Ta |
|
+ |
GERMANY: Swedes take Nurnberg, defeat Caths at Lech & Luetzen; Gustav Adolphus & Tilly killed |
1632 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
+ |
INDIA: Portuguese driven out of Bengal by Moghul Shahjahan; Moghul invasion of Deccan (C India) |
1632 UR -ssq NE Vi Sc |
|
+ |
N EUROPE: Kristina, queen of Sweden (1632-54); regency of Axel Oxenstjerna |
|
|
1633 |
GERMANY: reinstated Wallenstein takes Silesia, beats Swedes, winters in Bohemia |
|
1633 UR Li |
+ |
FRANCE: French army occupies Lorraine (for strategic & religious purposes) |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: trial of the Pendle witches; postal service reformed; Covent Garden Market opened |
|
|
+ |
ITALY: Galileo forced by Inquisition to oppose Copernican heliocentric theories |
|
|
1634 |
* C AMERICA: Eng & France occupy various Caribbean is, Dutch Curacao (plantations & trade) |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Bt of Nordlingen, Cath victory; Wurttemberg & Franconia retaken; Wallenstein killed |
|
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Poland renounces claim to Russian throne; truce with Sweden 1635 |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: English settle Cochin, Malabar, and open trading station in Bengal |
|
|
1635 |
EUROPE: Peace of Prague between Austria & Prot Saxony; alliance of France & Sweden vs Austria |
1635 UR +sqt PL Li Ta |
|
+ |
N AMERICA: colonisation of Connecticut, from Mass; Council of New England dissolved |
|
|
+ |
BENELUX: Dutch occupy Taiwan, Virgin Is (English), Martinique (French) |
|
|
+ |
* JAPAN: persecution of Christians; Japanese forbidden to travel abroad; Japan prosperous |
|
|
1636 |
N AMERICA: Harvard College founded near Boston, first university in N America |
1636 UR -ssx NE Li Sc |
|
+ |
CHINA: increasing rebellions against Ming in NW, NE (by Manchu Ch'ing) & C China |
1636 UR +sqt PL Li Ta |
|
+ |
GERMANY: Swedes beat Saxony at Wittstock; Austria withdraws from Burgundy |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: banished from Mass, Puritans settle Providence, RI, seeking religious freedom |
|
|
1637 |
E ASIA: Manchu Ch'ing dynasty invades Korea & Inner Mongolia: Russians reach Pacific coast in Siberia |
1637 UR -ssx NE Li Sc |
|
+ |
AUSTRIA: Ferdinand III, HRE (1637-57) (general will to peace grows) |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Hobbes' "Rhetorique"; Descartes' "Geometrie"; 1638 Galileo's "Mathematical Discourses" |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: new liturgy in Scotland provokes riots |
|
|
1638 |
N AMERICA: English colonise Connecticut, Swedes Delaware |
|
1638 PL Ge |
+ |
MIDEAST: Ottomans re-take Baghdad from Persia |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Scots sign Scottish Covenant; Charles I backtracks from it |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Elector of Brandenburg removes capital to Koenigsberg, Prussia |
|
|
1639 |
FRANCE: revolt in Normandy; Jules Mazarin enters service of Richelieu |
1639 UR +qcx PL Sc Ge |
1639 PL Ge |
+ |
RUSSIA: Russian Cossacks cross Urals to reach Okhotsk, colonising Siberian riversides |
|
1639 UR Sc |
+ |
C EUROPE: Swedish army at Prague, living off peasants; withdraw 1640 |
|
|
+ |
INDIA: English settle Madras; Dutch settle in Ceylon |
|
|
1640 |
AFRICA: Portuguese re-take Angola from Dutch; IBERIA: Portugal becomes independent of Spain |
1640 UR +qcx PL Sc Ge |
1640 PL Ge |
+ |
BRITAIN: Parliament meets again; Covenanters beat Charles at Tyneside; Charles I buys peace |
|
1640 UR Sc |
+ |
* OTTOMANS: on death of Murad IV, Ottoman empire declines in wealth, modernity and political unity |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: Frederick William, Great Elector of Brandenburg (1640-88) (prelude to Prussian state) |
|
|
1641 |
SE ASIA: Dutch capture Malacca from the Portuguese (for control of East India trade) |
|
|
+ |
CHINA: rival post-Ming regimes set up in N & C China (1641-45) by Li Zucheng & Zhang Xianzhong |
|
|
+ |
IRELAND: Kilkenny Catholic rebellion (to 1649); massacre of Catholics by Protestants in Ulster |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: cotton products start to be made in Manchester (seed of industrial revolution) |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: code of laws estd in Massachusetts; French settle in Michigan, found Montreal 1642 |
|
|
1642 |
BRITAIN: ENGLISH CIVIL WAR BEGINS; Parliament raises army against king, in defence of rights |
|
1642 NE Sg |
+ |
BRITAIN: income & property taxes introduced; Puritan ascendancy; theatres closed until 1660 |
|
|
+ |
EUROPE: Cath Austrian Imperial army defeated in three battles in Thirty Years War |
|
|
+ |
OCEANIA: Dutch Tasman visits Tasmania & New Zealand; AFRICA: Portuguese cede Gold Coast to Dutch |
|
|
1643 |
EUROPE: Prot victs at Rocroi & Jankow (1646) (settling Euro religious & political differences) |
|
1643 NE Sg |
+ |
FRANCE: Louis XIV, king of France (1643-1715) age 5; Anne of Austria regent; Mazarin remains |
|
|
+ |
N AMERICA: New England Confederation of Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay |
|
|
+ |
INNOVN: Torricelli (Italy) invents barometer; Pascal invents an adding machine |
|
|
1644 |
CHINA: rebel Li Tzu-cheng captures Beijing; Ming Dynasty ends; Manchus invade N China & Beijing |
1644 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge |
|
+ |
CHINA: MANCHUS FOUND CH'ING DYNASTY in N China (covering all China by 1652) |
|
|
+ |
GERMANY: French occupy Rhineland; BRITAIN: Parliament overcoming Royalists (except in SW England) |
|
|
+ |
* C ASIA: ZENITH IN TIBET: Potala, Dalai Lama's residence at Lhasa, Tibet, being built |
|
|
|
|
|
|
European High Baroque period; Manchu Ch'ing dynasty takes power, China; Protestant gains, end of Thirty Years' War (Germany destroyed); Fronde Rebellion, France; Swedish zenith, controlling Baltic lands; English Civil War (Cromwell, war & repression in Wales & Ireland, massacre of Catholics in Ulster); peak of Mughal empire, India (Shahjahan, Taj Mahal built); Cape Colony founded by Dutch; classical French aristocratic period; cotton products manufactured in Manchester (seed of industrial revolution); age of engineers, inventors, philosophers & scientists takes off; zenith in Tibet (building of Potala); Jewish messianic movement of Shabtai Zvi, Turkey; beginning of friction between colonists & native Americans, N America |
NEXT: The Age of Revolutions
BACK: High Medieval Period
The Historical Ephemeris © Copyright Palden Jenkins 1993-99
by Palden Jenkins
Astro-historical tables for 2,500 years