Timelines: Empire Period - Early
Early Empire Period
Waxing Neptune-Pluto hemicycle 84 BCE - 163 CE
Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
-84 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta |
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84 |
* ROME: civil war in Rome |
-84 UR -ssq PL Ar Ta |
-84 UR Ar |
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MIDEAST: Romans beat Mithridates of Pontus, who had seized Asia province 88 |
-84 UR -ssq NE Pi Ta |
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83 |
MIDEAST: Romans invade Pontus & Cappadocia; Mithridates of Pontus fights back; treaty 81 |
-83 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta |
-83 UR Ar |
- |
MIDEAST: collapse of Parthia as a viable strong nation |
-83 UR -ssq PL Ar Ta |
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82 |
ROME: Sulla elected dictator for life, forces order on Rome and empire |
-83 UR -ssq NE Ar Ta |
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81 |
ROME: Sulla's reforms, mainly legal (abandoning the Twelve Tables, laying new foundations) |
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80 |
* C AMERICA: Arawak peoples (from Venezuela) occupy Caribbean islands |
-80 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
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79 |
ROME: Sulla voluntarily steps down from dictatorship |
-79 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
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78 |
CHINA: first cataloguing of Imperial library by Lin Hsiang |
-78 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
-78 NE Ge |
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77 |
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-77 NE Ge |
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-77 UR Ta |
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76 |
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-76 UR Ta |
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75 |
INDIA: Greek principalities in Punjab invaded by Sakas (Afghan), then Parthians |
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74 |
ROME: Rome annexes Cyrene (W Egypt) to suppress piracy in Med'n; war with Pontus (Black Sea) |
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MIDEAST: Mithridates of Pontus & Tigranes of Armenia seize Cappadocia & Syria from Rome |
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73 |
ROME: uprising of slaves led by Spartacus, suppressed by Pompey & Crassus |
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72 |
W EUROPE: Germanic Suevi invade Gaul |
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71 |
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-71 PL Ge |
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70 |
ROME: CONSULATE OF POMPEY & CRASSUS (reforms and liberalisation) |
-70 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge |
-70 PL Ge |
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-70 UR Ge |
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69 |
MIDEAST: Romans defeat Tigranes I of Armenia (who becomes a vassal of Rome) |
-69 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge |
-69 UR Ge |
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-69 PL Ge |
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68 |
MED'N: Rome defeats Mediterranean pirates |
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67 |
MED'N: Rome annexes Crete to suppress piracy |
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66 |
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65 |
MIDEAST: Romans under Pompey finally beat Mithridates (Pontus, who commits suicide in Crimea) |
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64 |
ROME: Pompey conquers Syria & Palestine, terminates Seleucid state, reorganises East empire |
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-64 NE Cn |
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63 |
ROME: Pompey conquers Jerusalem, annexes Palestine |
-63 NE Cn |
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-63 UR Cn |
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62 |
ITALY: founding of Florence |
-62 UR CONJ NE Cn Cn |
-62 UR Cn |
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61 |
IBERIA: first victories of Julius Caesar in Spain |
-61 UR CONJ NE Cn Cn |
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60 |
ROME: FIRST TRIUMVIRATE of Julius Caesar, Pompey & Crassus (start of carve-up of Empire) |
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59 |
ASIA: MAXIMUM EXTENT OF HAN EXPANSION, reaching Tarim Basin, overcoming SE & SW China |
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58 |
FRANCE: Julius Caesar conquers Gaul (58-49) |
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57 |
E ASIA: founding of state of Silla in Korea |
-57 UR +ssq PL Le Ge |
-57 UR Le |
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56 |
-56 Sa CONJ UR Le Le |
-56 UR Le |
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-56 UR +ssq PL Cn Ge |
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55 |
BRITAIN: Caesar attacks Britain, extracts tribute, then retires (opening Britain to trade) |
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54 |
ROME: breakup of the Triumvirate (54-51) (Crassus dies on defeat by Parthians) |
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53 |
MIDEAST: Parthians in Armenia halt Romans, stalling Romans to +114 (only state doing so) |
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52 |
ROME: anarchy in Rome, rivalry between supporters of Pompey & Caesar |
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-51 NE Le |
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FRANCE: Gaul revolts under Vercingetorix; Caesar surrounded; eventual suppression by 51 |
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51 |
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-51 UR Vi |
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50 |
INDIA: 5 tribes of Yueh-Chi invade and unite to form KUSHANA EMPIRE in N India |
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-50 NE Le |
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-50 UR Vi |
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49 |
ROME: civil war, Pompey (power from East) against Julius Caesar (power from West) |
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48 |
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47 |
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46 |
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45 |
ROME: Julius Caesar becomes sole dictator (for life) |
-45 PL Cn |
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44 |
ROME: Rome controls the whole Mediterranean world; only Parthia remains a threat |
-44 UR +SQR PL Li Cn |
-44 PL Cn |
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ROME: Caesar murdered (for lack of trustworthy subordinates) |
-44 UR Li |
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43 |
ROME: reign of terror under Second Triumvirate (Antony, Lepidus, Octavian) |
-43 UR +SQR PL Li Cn |
-43 UR Li |
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* E ASIA; small kingdoms form in non-Chinese parts of Korea (Koguryo, Han) |
-43 UR +ssq NE Li Le |
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42 |
-42 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
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- |
-42 UR +ssq NE Vi Le |
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41 |
* ROME: cultural ascendancy: Cicero (orator), Horace (poet), Virgil (poet) |
-42 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
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40 |
ROME: partition of Empire between Triumvirate (Octavian West, Antony East, Lepidus Africa) |
-40 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
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39 |
MIDEAST: Rome appoints Herod the Great as King of Jews (39BCE-+4CE) |
-39 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
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38 |
-38 UR +sxt NE Li Le |
-38 UR Sc |
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37 |
MIDEAST: Herod takes control of Jerusalem |
-37 UR +sxt NE Li Le |
-37 UR Sc |
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36 |
N AFRICA: marriage of Antony & Cleopatra, merging Antony's E Roman & Egyptian powers |
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-36 NE Vi |
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35 |
ROME: disastrous expedition to Azerbaijan by Romans (Mark Anthony) against Parthians |
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-35 NE Vi |
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34 |
ASIA: destruction of Hsiung-Nu empires in Turkestan & Dzungaria by the Chinese |
-34 UR +tri PL Sc Cn |
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33 |
E EUROPE: Dalmatia becomes Roman province |
-33 UR +tri PL Sc Cn |
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-33 |
MIDEAST: 30,000 people killed in a major earthquake |
-32 UR +tri PL Sc Cn |
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-32 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
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-31 |
ROME: Battle of Actium: Octavian establishes dominance over Rome |
-31 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
-31 UR Sg |
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C AMERICA: earliest known inscription of the Olmec Long Count calendar comes from this date. |
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-30 |
N AFRICA: death of Anthony & Cleopatra (last of Ptolemies): Egypt becomes Roman province |
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-30 UR Sg |
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-29 |
ROME: Octavian closes Temple of Janus (symbolising end of wars of magnates since Sulla) |
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-28 |
CHINA: first observation of sunspots, star maps & sundials, by Chinese astronomers |
-28 UR +sqt PL Sg Cn |
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-27 |
ROME: OCTAVIAN BECOMES AUGUSTUS, (first emperor, bringing Roman order and gov't until +235) |
-27 UR +sqt PL Sg Cn |
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-26 |
-26 UR +sqt PL Sg Le |
-26 PL Le |
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-25 |
EUROPE: reorganisation of Gaul & Spain by Romans |
-25 PL Le |
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-24 |
-24 UR +SQR NE Sg Vi |
-24 NE Li |
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-23 |
ROME: major Augustinian construction program in Empire, directed by engineer Agrippa (-63-+12) |
-23 UR +SQR NE Cp Li |
-23 NE Li |
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-23 UR Cp |
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-22 |
-22 UR +SQR NE Cp Li |
-22 NE Li |
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-21 |
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-20 |
MIDEAST: Rome renounces further expansion in East in treaty with Parthians |
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-19 |
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-18 |
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-17 |
ROME: secular celebration of City of Rome and proclamation of world peace (Pax Augusta) |
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-16 |
GERMANY: massing of Roman forces in Germany after defeat by Germans |
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-15 |
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-15 UR Aq |
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-14 |
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-13 |
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-12 |
-12 HALLEY'S COMET |
-12 PL Vi |
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-11 |
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-11 PL Vi |
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-10 |
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-10 NE Sc |
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-9 |
EUROPE: Romans under Tiberius conquer much of Germany |
-9 NE Sc |
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ROME: dedication of Altar of Peace, to celebrate PAX AUGUSTA ('business as usual') |
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-8 |
-8UR +tri NE Pi Sc |
-8 UR Pi |
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-8 Sa CONJ UR Aq Aq |
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-7 |
-7 UR +tri NE Pi Sc |
-7 UR Pi |
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-6 |
MIDEAST: Rome annexes Judaea |
-6 UR +tri NE Pi Sc |
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* C AMERICA: colonisation of south Caribbean islands by farming peoples from mainland |
-6 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
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-5 |
? MIDEAST : likely year of BIRTH OF JESUS OF NAZARETH in Palestine (disputed) |
-5 UR +tri NE Pi Sc |
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-5 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
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-4 |
ROME: Augustus adopts Tiberius as successor |
-4 UR +tri NE Pi Sc |
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-4 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
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-3 |
* N AMERICA: rise of complex gatherer-hunter societies on Oregon and BC coasts |
-3 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
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-2 |
* EURASIA: direct maritime trading between Rome and India starts |
-2 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
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* INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar settled by Micronesian seafarers from Indonesia |
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-1 |
-1 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
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+ 1 |
CHINA: Wang Mang serves as regent to child-emperors (1-8 CE) |
+1 UR OPPN PL Pi Vi |
+1 PL Li |
+ |
* ROME: growth of Mithraism throughout Roman empire |
+1 UR +sqt NE Ar Sc |
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+ 2 |
CHINA: first Buddhist missionaries in China, from Central Asia |
+2 UR +sqt NE Ar Sc |
+2 PL Li |
+ |
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+ 3 |
* MIDEAST: early boyhood travels of Jesus of Nazareth |
+3 UR +sqt NE Ar Sc |
+3 PL Li |
+ |
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+ 4 |
EUROPE: Romans secure frontier at Danube, build roads & towns under Tiberius |
+4 UR +sqt NE Ar Sc |
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+ |
GERMANY: Tiberius subdues Langobards (who later become competitors for power in Italy) |
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+ 5 |
BRITAIN: Cymbeline recognised as tributary and 'Rex Brittonum' |
+5 UR +sqt NE Ar Sc |
+5 NE Sg |
+ |
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+ 6 |
MIDEAST: Judaea becomes a Roman province |
+6 NE Sg |
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CHINA: all candidates for state office required to take civil service examinations |
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+ 7 |
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+ |
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+ 8 |
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8 UR Ta |
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+ |
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+ 9 |
CHINA: Imperial regent Wang Mang's reforming Hsin Dynasty CE 9-23 (unsuccessful) |
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9 UR Ta |
+ |
EUROPE: Germans beat Romans back to Rhine frontier; Romans fight back +15 |
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+ 10 |
10 Sa CONJ PL Li Li |
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+ |
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+ 11 |
11 Sa CONJ PL Li Li |
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+ |
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+ 12 |
CHINA: Wang Mang nationalises all land; change of status for slaves; tax reform |
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+ |
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+ 13 |
13 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta |
13 PL Sc |
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+ |
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+ 14 |
ROME: Augustus Caesar dies (age 76), succeeded by Tiberius (Emperor 14-37) |
14 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta |
14 PL Sc |
+ |
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+ 15 |
EUROPE: Roman campaigns against German tribes |
15 UR Ge |
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+ |
CHINA: establishment of price controls & mercantile regulations (leads to merchants' revolt 66) |
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+ 16 |
16 Sa CONJ NE Sg Sg |
16 UR Ge |
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+ |
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+ 17 |
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+ |
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+ 18 |
18 NE +ssq PL Sg Sc |
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+ |
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+ 19 |
MIDEAST: Syria devastated by a major earthquake, 120,000 killed |
19 NE +ssq PL Sg Sc |
19 NE Cp |
+ |
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+ 20 |
* S AMERICA: est of city of Moche, capital of MOCHE CULTURE (-200 to +700, coastal Peru) |
20 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
20 NE Cp |
+ |
21 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
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+ 21 |
22 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp |
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+ |
22 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
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+ 22 |
* INDIA: rivalry for trade with Rome between S Indian states Pandhya, Chola & Kerala |
22 UR -sqt PL Cn Sc |
22 UR Cn |
+ |
23 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp |
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+ 23 |
CHINA: Restoration: LATER HAN DYNASTY (25-220), capital Loyang; Kuang Wu Ti, Han Emp (25-57) |
23 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
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+ |
23 UR -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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+ 24 |
24 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp |
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+ |
24 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
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+ 25 |
C ASIA: expansion of united Kushana tribes in Bactria & N Afghanistan (prelude to India invasion) |
24 UR -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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+ |
25 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp |
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+ 26 |
ROME: Tiberius retires, leaving rome in hands of Praetorian prefect Sejanus |
25 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
26 PL Sg |
+ |
25 UR -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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+ 27 |
MIDEAST: baptism of Jesus of Nazareth by John the Baptist |
26 UR -sqt PL Cn Sc |
27 PL Sg |
+ |
26 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp |
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+ 28 |
MIDEAST: TEACHING MINISTRY OF JESUS OF NAZARETH in Palestine |
26 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
28 UR Le |
+ |
27 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+ 29 |
28 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
29 UR Le |
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+ |
29 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+ 30 |
? MIDEAST: crucifixion of Jesus by Romans, outside Jerusalem |
29 UR -tri PL Le Sg |
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+ |
29 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg |
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+ 31 |
30 UR -tri PL Le Sg |
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+ |
30 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg |
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+ 32 |
30 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+ |
31 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+ 33 |
MIDEAST: dispersal of earliest Christians around W Asia and Mediterranean |
31 UR -tri PL Le Sg |
33 NE Aq |
+ |
32 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+ 34 |
33 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp |
34 NE Aq |
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+ |
33 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
34 UR Vi |
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+ 35 |
34 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq |
35 UR Vi |
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+ |
34 NE +ssq PL Aq Sg |
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+ 36 |
35 NE +ssq PL Aq Sg |
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+ |
36 Sa CONJ UR Vi Vi |
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+ 37 |
ROME: Caligula succeeds Tiberius, establishes ambitious monarchy in Rome; murdered 41 |
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+ |
? BRITAIN: legendary arrival of Joseph of Arimathaea at Glastonbury (Ancient British Church) |
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+ 38 |
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+ |
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+ 39 |
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+ |
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+ 40 |
GREECE: early Christian church established at Corinth |
40 UR -SQR PL Vi Sg |
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+ |
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+ 41 |
ROME: Claudius (42-54) re-establishes Augustan order in Rome |
41 UR -SQR PL Vi Sg |
41 UR Li |
+ |
41 UR -sqt NE Li Aq |
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+ 42 |
42 UR -SQR PL Li Cp |
42 PL Cp |
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+ |
42 UR -sqt NE Li Aq |
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+ 43 |
BRITAIN: Roman invasion under Plautius & Claudius; British Caradoc (Caractacus) beaten at Medway |
43 UR -sqt NE Li Aq |
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+ |
BRITAIN: London founded as a Roman trading city |
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+ 44 |
N AFRICA: Morrocco annexed by Rome |
44 UR -sqt NE Li Aq |
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+ |
CHINA: Tonkin & Annam (N Vietnam) annexed by Han Ma Yuan (Annamese adopt Confucian customs) |
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+ 45 |
MIDEAST: Paul of Tarsus sets out on missionary travels with Barnabas (Anatolia, Greece, Rome, to +62) |
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+ |
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+ 46 |
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+ |
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+ 47 |
47 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
47 NE Pi |
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+ |
47 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp |
47 UR Sc |
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+ 48 |
MIDEAST: Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem, starts missionary activity |
48 UR -tri NE Sc Pi |
48 NE Pi |
+ |
BRITAIN: Thames valley flooded by storms, 10,000 die |
48 UR Sc |
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+ 49 |
49 UR -tri NE Sc Pi |
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+ |
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+ 50 |
RUSSIA: Goths set up a kingdom in Vistula valley |
50 UR -tri NE Sc Pi |
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+ |
* AFRICA: expansion of Axum (Ethiopia) begins |
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+ 51 |
MIDEAST: St Paul's journeyings and writing of Paul's Epistles (51-55) |
51 UR -sxt PL Sc Cp |
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+ |
PERSIA: revival of the Parthian nation (51-77) under Vologesus I |
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+ |
BRITAIN: British leader Caradoc captured; Roman conquest complete to Lincoln, Chester, Caerleon |
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+ 52 |
SE ASIA: founding of Funan state (Cambodia) |
52 UR -sxt PL Sc Cp |
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+ 53 |
53 Sa CONJ NE Pi Pi |
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+ |
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+ 54 |
ROME: Nero becomes emperor, to CE 68; good times in Rome during 50s |
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54 UR Sg |
+ |
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+ 55 |
* CHINA: widening of horizons under Ming Ti (extension of Chinese links and trade throughout Asia) |
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55 UR Sg |
+ |
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+ 56 |
56 UR -ssq PL Sg Cp |
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+ |
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+ 57 |
57 UR -ssq PL Sg Cp |
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+ |
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+ 58 |
CHINA: Emperor Ming Ti allows Buddhism into China; Chinese maritime trading throughout Asia |
58 NE +sxt PL Pi Cp |
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+ |
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+ 59 |
CHINA: Kung Fu-tse deified (Confucianism made a popular state religion, to counteract Buddhism) |
59 NE +sxt PL Pi Cp |
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+ |
59 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg |
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+ 60 |
ROME: journey of Peter & Paul to Rome (invited by British residents) |
60 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
60 PL Aq |
+ |
BRITAIN: British revolt against the Roman occupation, led by Boudicca of the Iceni |
60 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg |
60 NE Ar |
+ 61 |
BRITAIN: uprisings in Britain suppressed by Romans under Suetonius Paullinus |
61 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
61 PL Aq |
+ |
61 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg |
61 NE Ar |
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+ 62 |
* C ASIA: growth of KUSHANA EMPIRE under Kushans &Tocharians (Yueh-chi Asian nomads) |
62 UR -SQR NE Cp Ar |
62 UR Cp |
+ |
ROME: the burning of ROME: Nero's reign becomes corrupt & arbitrary ("Caesar madness") |
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+ 63 |
63 UR -SQR NE Cp Ar |
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+ |
63 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
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+ 64 |
ROME: first persecution of Christians, beheading of St Paul (67); Christianity spreads wide & fast |
64 UR -SQR NE Cp Ar |
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+ |
INDIA: KUSHAN (Yueh-chi) INVASION OF NW INDIA (50-75) from Bactria under Vima Kadphises |
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+ 65 |
65 UR -SQR NE Cp Ar |
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+ |
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+ 66 |
MIDEAST: Jewish uprising against Rome in Palestine; St Peter executed in Rome 67 |
66 HALLEY'S COMET |
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+ |
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+ 67 |
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+ |
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+ 68 |
ROME: Flavius Josephus' 'History of the Jewish War' (major source on Jesus) |
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+ |
ROME: Nero commits suicide; chaos in Rome, four emperors in one year |
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+ |
MIDEAST: destruction of Qumran, centre of Essenes for 300 years (site of Dead Sea Scrolls) |
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+ 69 |
ROME: chaos in Rome and civil war in empire (Rhineland & Palestine); new emperor Vespasian (69-79) |
69 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar |
69 UR Aq |
+ |
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+ 70 |
ROME: Vespasian strengthens control in Rome |
70 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar |
70 UR Aq |
+ |
MIDEAST: Romans destroy Jewish Temple in Jerusalem and much of city, to suppress revolts |
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+ |
* MIDEAST: New Testament gospels written: 70-88 Mark; 85-95 Matthew & Luke; 90> John |
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+ 71 |
INDIA: Scythian (Saka) occupation of NW Indian coast (Rajasthan area) |
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+ |
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+ 72 |
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+ |
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+ 73 |
MIDEAST: last stand of Jewish Zealots against Rome at Masada, Judaea |
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+ |
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+ 74 |
ROME: Vespasian forces imp economies; Latin law in Spain; Colosseum erected |
74 UR CONJ PL Aq Aq |
74 NE Ta |
+ |
C ASIA: stirrings amongst Asian nomads against Chinese incursions into their space |
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+ 75 |
CHINA: Pan Ch'ao, Han Emperor (74-94) (gains Turkestan & Silk Roads, stirring Asian nomads) |
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75 NE Ta |
+ |
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+ 76 |
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+ |
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+ 77 |
BRITAIN: Roman conquest extended: Brigantes (Yorkshire) & Silures (Wales) subdued |
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77 UR Pi |
+ |
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+ 78 |
INDIA: Kanishka, Kushan Emperor (78-102) (capital Peshawar, rich Buddhist culture) |
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+ |
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+ 79 |
BRITAIN: Roman subjugation of Wales completed (started 48) |
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+ |
ITALY: eruption of Mt Vesuvius buries the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum |
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+ 80 |
80 UR -sxt NE Pi Ta |
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+ |
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+ 81 |
ROME: Emperor Domitian (81-96) (initially liberal & benevolent, later autocratic) |
81 UR -sxt NE Pi Ta |
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+ |
81 Sa CONJ PL Aq Aq |
||
+ 82 |
CHINA: Han Empress Tou alters succession, rules as dowager (88-97) (line of Empresses 88-159) |
82 UR -sxt NE Pi Ta |
|
+ |
|
||
+ 83 |
83 Sa CONJ UR Pi Pi |
||
+ |
|
||
+ 84 |
BRITAIN: Roman conquest of Britain extended into Scotland (defeat of Caledonians) |
|
84 PL Pi |
+ |
C ASIA: Kushan (Yueh-chih) & Chinese alliance subjugates Kashgar (opening Silk Roads) |
|
84 UR Ar |
+ 85 |
E ASIA: Hsiung-Nu inter-tribal strife, stirred up by Chinese threat |
85 PL Pi |
|
+ |
|
85 UR Ar |
|
+ 86 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+ 87 |
E ASIA: Mongol Sien Pi tribes beat the northern Hsiung-Nu, occupying their lands |
|
87 NE Ge |
+ |
|
||
+ 88 |
88 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
88 NE Ge |
|
+ |
88 Sa CONJ NE Ge Ge |
||
+ 89 |
E ASIA: Chinese under Gen Tu Hsien beat northern Hsiung-Nu (many migrate west to Europe) |
89 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
+ |
89 UR -ssq NE Ar Ge |
||
+ 90 |
C ASIA: war between China & Kushans in Pamir Mts (over C Asian control China prevails) |
89 UR +ssq PL Ar Pi |
|
+ |
* W EUROPE: rapid progression of Romanisation in Germany, Gaul & Britain |
90 UR +ssq PL Ar Pi |
|
+ 91 |
ASIA: Chinese defeat Hsiung-Nu (Huns) (stirring up nomads into future movement) |
90 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
+ |
ROME: rule of Domitian lapses into despotism |
90 UR -ssq NE Ar Ge |
|
+ 92 |
91 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
92 UR Ta |
|
+ |
92 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
||
+ 93 |
* S AMERICA: dawn of TAIRONA (Kogi) CULTURE (northern Colombia, zenith 1000CE) |
|
93 UR Ta |
+ |
|
||
+ 94 |
CHINA: LATER HAN EXPANSION OF BORDERS AND INFLUENCE prosperity & culture (94-160) |
|
|
+ |
|
||
+ 95 |
* EURASIA: Kushan, Chinese & Roman empires cover Eurasia (Silk Road trade, China-Rome) |
95 UR +sxt PL Ta Pi |
|
+ |
95 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
||
+ 96 |
ROME: dynastic inheritance changed to adoptive emperorship, to 176; Domitian unthroned |
96 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Chinese forces under Kan Ying reach Persian Gulf (soon turning back) |
|
|
+ 97 |
* ROME: historian Tacitus (?55-117) at work: "Histories", "Annals", "Germania" |
|
|
+ |
* INDIA: peak of growth of classical Sanskrit (in translated Buddhist texts of Kushan India) |
|
|
+ 98 |
ROME: TRAJAN emperor (98-117) (first of provincial (Spain) origin; strengthens imp control) |
|
|
+ |
BRITAIN: foundation of Gloucester as city |
|
|
+ 99 |
|
99 UR Ge |
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+100 |
* AFRICA: Camel introduced into Saharan Africa |
100 UR Ge |
|
+ |
* C AMERICA: ZENITH OF TEOTIHUACAN (100-300) |
100 NE Cn |
|
+101 |
C EUROPE: Rome wars with Dacia (Hungary) (inconclusive & dangerous for future) |
|
101 NE Cn |
+ |
|
||
+102 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+103 |
103 UR +SQR PL Ge Pi |
||
+ |
|
||
+104 |
104 UR +SQR PL Ge Pi |
||
+ |
104 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge |
||
+105 |
* ROME: Apuleius' "Metamorphoses" & "The Golden Ass" |
105 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge |
105 UR Cn |
+ |
CHINA: Han Empress Teng (105-121) (rise in power of eunuch courtiers) |
||
+106 |
MIDEAST: Romans invade Arabia |
106 Sa OPPN NE Cp Cn |
106 UR Cn |
+ |
CHINA: eunuch Ts'ai Lun introduces to Court paper made of vegetable fibre (bark, rags, hemp) |
|
|
+107 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+108 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+109 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+110 |
* INDIA: gradual separation of Theravada & Mahayana Buddhists |
110 UR CONJ NE Cn Cn |
|
+ |
* S AMERICA: ESTABLISHMENT OF STATEHOOD IN TIAHUANACO, upland Peru (culture founded -300) |
|
|
+111 |
111 UR CONJ NE Cn Cn |
||
+ |
111 UR +tri PL Cn Pi |
||
+112 |
112 UR +tri PL Le Ar |
112 PL Ar |
|
+ |
|
112 UR Le |
|
+113 |
113 UR +tri PL Cn Pi |
113 PL Ar |
|
+ |
113 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar |
113 UR Le |
|
+114 |
MIDEAST: Romans (Trajan) annex Parthian Armenia, reconquer Seleucia (Mesopotamia) (114-116) |
114 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
114 PL Ar |
+ |
|
114 NE Le |
|
+115 |
115 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
115 NE Le |
|
+ |
115 UR +sqt PL Le Ar |
||
+116 |
ROME: economic difficulties from huge expense of military operations in MidEast & Europe |
116 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
+ |
116 UR +sqt PL Le Ar |
||
+117 |
ROMAN EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT (to Rhine, Danube, Euphrates); Emp Hadrian (117-138) |
117 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
+ |
? ROME: Tacitus' "Historiae" |
117 UR +sqt PL Le Ar |
|
+118 |
|
118 UR Vi |
|
+ |
|
||
+119 |
|
119 UR Vi |
|
+ |
|
||
+120 |
INDIA: dynasty of Ujjain (120-395) in W India (Sanskrit learning & Buddhist philosophy) |
|
|
+ |
|
||
+121 |
EUROPE: Hadrian orders building of fortifications along empire borders in Germany & Syria |
|
|
+ |
ROME: Hadrian travels the empire 121-5, 126-9 ("the travelling emperor") |
||
+122 |
BRITAIN: building of Hadrian's Wall (122-7) (outer defence of Roman Empire in N England) |
|
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Jewish uprisings led by Bar Kokhba (122-133) |
||
+123 |
123 Sa CONJ NE Le Le + |
||
+124 |
|
124 UR Li |
|
+ |
|
||
+125 |
* INDIA: zenith of Kushan empire (rajah Kanishka) |
125 UR Li |
|
+ |
|
||
+126 |
* ASIA: Ch'iang Tibetans harass western China (Kansu) until 141 |
126 NE +sqt PL Le Ar |
|
+ |
CHINA: peasant revolts against landlords (economic injustices) |
127 UR OPPN PL Li Ar |
|
+127 |
127 Sa CONJ UR Li Li |
127 NE Vi |
|
+ |
127 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
||
+128 |
127 NE +sqt PL Le Ar |
128 NE Vi |
|
+ |
128 UR OPPN PL Li Ar |
||
+129 |
MIDEAST: stirrings amongst Jews in Palestine |
128 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
|
+ |
128 NE +sqt PL Le Ar |
||
+130 |
128 UR +ssq NE Li Vi |
||
+ |
129 UR OPPN PL Li Ar |
||
+131 |
129 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
131 UR Sc |
|
+ |
129 UR +ssq NE Li Vi |
||
+132 |
MIDEAST: Jewish Bar Kochba rebellion against Rome leads to forced dispersion (diaspora) of Jews |
130 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
|
+ |
|
||
+133 |
SE ASIA: Java becomes a tributary to China |
|
|
+ |
|
||
+134 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+135 |
CHINA: rebellions against court eunuchs' murdering of scholars & other excesses |
135 UR +sxt NE Sc Vi |
|
+ |
|
||
+136 |
136 UR +sxt NE Sc Vi |
||
+ |
|
||
+137 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+138 |
ROME: Antoninus Pius emperor (138-61) (peaceable policies, uneventful reign, yet good times) |
|
138 UR Sg |
+ |
|
||
+139 |
* N AFRICA: Ptolemy (85-165) (cartographer, astronomer, geographer) at work at Alexandria |
|
139 UR Sg |
+ |
|
||
+140 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+141 |
141 HALLEY'S COMET |
||
+ |
141 UR -sqt PL Sg Ar |
||
+142 |
BRITAIN: Brigantes revolt in Yorkshire; Antonine turf wall built in Scotland (Forth-Clyde, against Scots) |
142 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li |
142 NE Li |
+ |
142 UR -sqt PL Sg Ar |
||
+143 |
ROME: AGE OF THE ANTONINE EMPERORS (143-235) (centralised imp rule, end of local autonomy, |
143 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li |
143 PL Ta |
+ |
meritocracy of local classes, large tax burdens, ovrstretched frontiers) |
|
|
+144 |
144 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
144 PL Ta |
|
+ |
|
||
+145 |
145 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar |
145 PL Ta |
|
+ |
|
145 UR Cp |
|
+146 |
146 UR -tri PL Cp Ta |
146 UR Cp |
|
+ |
|
||
+147 |
147 UR -tri PL Cp Ta |
||
+ |
|
||
+148 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+149 |
149 UR +SQR NE Cp Li |
||
+ |
149 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp |
||
+150 |
* C AMERICA: building of Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan, Mexico |
150 UR +SQR NE Cp Li |
|
+ |
150 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp |
||
+151 |
151 UR +SQR NE Cp Li |
||
+ |
151 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp |
||
+152 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+153 |
|
153 UR Aq |
|
+ |
|
||
+154 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+155 |
|
155 NE Sc |
|
+ |
|
||
+156 |
156 UR -SQR PL Aq Ta |
156 NE Sc |
|
+ |
|
||
+157 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+158 |
|
||
+ |
|
||
+159 |
159 Sa CONJ NE Sc Sc |
||
+ |
159 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta |
||
+160 |
CHINA: weakening of Later Han state through internal dissension, border wars & peasant distress |
160 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
+ |
|
||
+161 |
ROME: Marcus Aurelius, Emperor (161-80) ('philosopher on Imperial throne'; peak of Stoicism) |
|
161 UR Pi |
+ |
|
||
+162 |
MIDEAST: war between Rome & Parthians, Roman reoccupation of Mesopotamia |
|
|
+ |
|
||
+163 |
163 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
|
|
|
|
NEXT: Classical Empire Period
BACK: Later Ancient Period
The Historical Ephemeris © Copyright Palden Jenkins 1993-99
by Palden Jenkins
Astro-historical tables for 2,500 years