Timelines: Light/Dark Ages - Early
Age of Light and Dark - Early
Waxing Neptune-Pluto hemicycle 411-657 CE
Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
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+411 |
ROME: Augustine's book "City of God" (written on fall of Rome) |
411 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta |
|
+ |
IBERIA: Sueves found a kgdm in Galicia (411-585) |
411 Sa CONJ NE Ta Ta |
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+ |
ITALY: Alaric dies en route to Tunisia, to find Visigoth home; Ataulf leads Visigoths to Spain |
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+ |
412 NW EUROPE: withdrawal of many troops and weakening of Roman administration in Britain & Gaul |
411 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
412 UR Pi |
+ |
* C AMERICA: building begins of TEOTIHUACAN CIVILISATION (Mexico, 400-600) |
412 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta |
|
+413 |
JAPAN: Japan opens direct relations with China (adopting Chinese calligraphy & cultural ways) |
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+ |
|||
+414 |
414 NE Ge |
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+ |
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+415 |
415 NE Ge |
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+ |
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+416 |
IBERIA: Visigoths conquer Vandal kingdom in Spain |
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+ |
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+417 |
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+ |
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+418 |
* FRANCE: Franks & Visigoths move into parts of France |
418 PL Ge |
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+ |
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+419 |
FRANCE: Visigoths found Kingdom of Toulouse under Theodoric I (419-51) (by treaty with Romans) |
419 UR Ar |
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+ |
419 PL Ge |
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+420 |
CHINA: Liu Sung Dynasty (420-79) succeeds Eastern Chin at Nanking |
420 UR -sxt PL Pi Ta |
420 PL Ge |
+ |
CHINA: Wei dynasty of Toba kingdom predominates |
420 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
420 UR Ar |
+421 |
421 UR -sxt PL Ar Ge |
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+ |
421 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
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+422 |
422 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar |
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+ |
|||
+423 |
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+ |
|||
+424 |
PERSIA: Council of Dad-Ishu: Eastern Church declares independence of Rome & Byzantium |
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+ |
|||
+425 |
425 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge |
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+ |
425 UR -ssq PL Ar Ge |
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+426 |
426 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge |
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+ |
426 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge |
||
+427 |
MED'N: Imperial protection of Jews ends; pogroms follow, many Jews retreat to Persia |
426 UR -ssq PL Ar Ge |
427 UR Ta |
+ |
427 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge |
||
+428 |
IBERIA: Gaiseric, king of the African Vandals (428-477) |
427 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge |
428 UR Ta |
+ |
C ASIA: Hsiung Nu (Ephthalites) invade Transoxiana & Khorasan (threatening Persia) (428-50) |
428 NE Cn |
|
+429 |
BRITAIN: Picts & Scots ejected from England by Saxons, Jutes & Angles, invited by Vortigern |
429 Sa OPPN NE Cp Cn |
429 NE Cn |
+ |
N AFRICA: Vandals invade Tunisia: wealthy Vandal kingdom lasts 429-533; Gaiseric takes Carthage 439 |
||
+430 |
INDIA: foundation of Nalanda, principal Buddhist seminary (university) (430-988) |
430 UR -ssx PL Ta Ge |
|
+ |
ROME: Aetius, minister to Velentinian III (virtual ruler of Western Empire) (429-454) |
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+431 |
MIDEAST: 2nd Council of Ephesus rejects teachings of Nestorius (on human nature of Christ) |
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+ |
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+432 |
BRITAIN: St Patrick begins his mission to Ireland (converting many chiefs, building churches) |
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+ |
|||
+433 |
C EUROPE: Attila (the Hun) becomes chief of the Hsiung-Nu (Huns, 433-53) |
433 UR -ssq NE Ta Cn |
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+ |
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+434 |
434 UR -ssq NE Ta Cn |
434 UR Ge |
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+ |
|||
+435 |
435 UR Ge |
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+ |
|||
+436 |
FRANCE: Hsiung Nu destroy Worms & kingdom of Burgundians; Burgundians settle in Savoie 443 |
436 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge |
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+ |
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+437 |
437 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge |
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+ |
|||
+438 |
438 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge |
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+ |
|||
+439 |
* JAPAN: clans & chiefs lose power to centralising Emperor (influx of Chinese ideas & Koreans) |
439 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge |
|
+ |
N AFRICA: Gaiseric the Vandal takes Carthage from the Romans (making it his capital) |
||
+440 |
BRITAIN: Angles and Saxons occupy coasts of East & SE England; last Romans leave England 436 |
440 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge |
|
+ |
ROME: Pope Leo I (440-461) (first authentic Pope, establishes Roman primacy & prestige) |
440 UR -ssx NE Ge Cn |
|
+441 |
E EUROPE: Attila the Hun becomes sole ruler of Hsiung-Nu (441-53), advancing on E Roman empire |
441 UR -ssx NE Ge Cn |
441 UR Cn |
+ |
EUROPE: final withdrawal of Roman legions & admin from Britain & Gaul |
441 NE Le |
|
+442 |
N AFRICA: Vandal king Gaiseric recognised as legit independent ruler of Carthage by Imp gov't |
442 NE Le |
|
+ |
N AFRICA: Berber revolts against Arian Vandals, suppressed |
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+443 |
FRANCE: Germanic Alemanni settle in Alsace |
443 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge |
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+ |
|||
+444 |
EUROPE: epidemic of bubonic plague |
444 Sa CONJ UR Cn Cn |
|
+ |
|||
+445 |
445 PL Cn |
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+ |
|||
+446 |
CHINA: brief persecution of Buddhists by Northern Wei (Taoist-Confucian resistance) |
446 Sa CONJ NE Le Le |
446 PL Cn |
+ |
|||
+447 |
GREECE: Attila the Hun & Hsiung-Nu stopped at Thermopylae |
447 UR Le |
|
+ |
|||
+448 |
BRITAIN: isolation from Med'n brings reversion of Irish Church to Celtic/Druidic ways |
448 UR +ssx PL Le Cn |
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+ |
|||
+449 |
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+ |
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+450 |
* AMERICAS: Moshica culture of Chimic indians in Peru; Mississippi valley culture |
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+ |
* W EUROPE: migration of Britons to Brittany, to escape Saxon invasions in Britain |
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+451 |
MIDEAST: Council of Chalcedon imposes relig orthodoxy (alienating Nestorians & Monophysites) |
451 HALLEY'S COMET |
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+ |
EUROPE: Huns (Hsiung Nu) stopped in Greece 447 (Thermopylae), by Franks in France at Chalons |
||
+452 |
EUROPE: Hsiung-Nu (Attila) attack N Italy |
452 UR CONJ NE Le Le |
|
+ |
ITALY: Venice founded by refugees from Attila the Hun's campaigns |
452 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
|
+453 |
E EUROPE: on death of Attila, Hsiung-Nu retreat to Russian plains, disturbing Ostrogoths |
452 UR +ssq PL Le Cn |
453 UR Vi |
+ |
* INNOVN: invention of the foot stirrup in China or Korea |
453 UR CONJ NE Le Le |
|
+454 |
C EUROPE: revolt against Hsiung Nu (Huns) by Hungarian subjects |
453 UR +ssq PL Le Cn |
454 UR Vi |
+ |
453 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
||
+455 |
INDIA: Skandagupta, Gupta emperor of India (455-467) (repulses Hsiung-Nu from India) |
454 NE +ssq PL Le Cn |
455 NE Vi |
+ |
ROME: Rome raided by Gaeseric and the African Vandals |
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+456 |
E EUROPE: Ostrogoths begin migration from Danube, through Greece to Italy |
456 NE Vi |
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+ |
* E EUROPE: slow migration of Slavs into the Balkans (from Belarus) |
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+457 |
BRITAIN: Britons beaten by Saxon Jutes, Hengist & Horsa, Britons abandoning Kent |
457 UR +sxt PL Vi Cn |
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+ |
BYZANTIUM: Leo I, East Roman Emperor (457-474) |
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+458 |
458 UR +sxt PL Vi Cn |
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+ |
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+459 |
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+ |
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+460 |
IBERIA: Vandals destroy Roman fleet off Spanish coast |
460 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn |
460 UR Li |
+ |
* C ASIA: Ephthalite (White) Huns destroy Kushan lands, raid Sasanid Persia and attack NW India |
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+461 |
FRANCE: Burgundy establishes a capital at Lyons |
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+ |
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+462 |
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+ |
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+463 |
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+ |
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+464 |
464 UR +ssx NE Li Vi |
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+ |
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+465 |
465 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi |
465 PL Le |
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+ |
465 UR +ssx NE Li Vi |
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+466 |
@ CHINA: T'su Ch'ung-chi calculates first accurate value of Pi |
466 UR +SQR PL Sc Le |
466 UR Sc |
+ |
|||
+467 |
*INDIA: repeating Ephthalite Hun invasions of N India (460-528) |
467 UR +SQR PL Li Cn |
467 PL Le |
+ |
|||
+468 |
* RUSSIA: rise of the Khazar Khanate in Ukraine |
468 UR +SQR PL Sc Le |
468 NE Li |
+ |
468 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
||
+469 |
BYZANTIUM: Constantinople inundated by rain & floods, hundreds die |
469 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
469 NE Li |
+ |
|||
+470 |
EUROPE: Hsiung Nu withdraw from Europe |
470 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc |
470 NE Li |
+ |
* AMERICAS: growth of Mayan city civilisation in S Mexico |
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+471 |
C EUROPE: Theodoric becomes King of Ostrogoths (with ambitions of Roman power) |
471 UR +ssq NE Sc Li |
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+ |
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+472 |
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+ |
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+473 |
473 UR Sg |
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+ |
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+474 |
474 UR Sg |
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+ |
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+475 |
GREECE: Theodoric & the Ostrogoths settle Macedonia (forcing Roman consent) |
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+ |
EUROPE: climatic extremes bring plague of locusts to Europe, followed by famine |
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+476 |
ROME: END OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE; last emperor deposed & executed by Germans |
476 Sa CONJ PL Le Le |
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+ |
GREECE: Proclus, philosopher, heads Platonic Academy in Athens (leading Neo-Platonist) |
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+477 |
BRITAIN: kingdom of Sussex founded; Wessex founded 495 |
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+ |
ITALY: Vandal Gaiseric sells E Sicily to Ostrogothic Theodoric |
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+478 |
JAPAN: first Shinto shrines are built (effect of Buddhism on indigenous nature religion) |
478 UR +sxt NE Sg Li |
|
+ |
INDIA: Budhagupta, emperor (477-95) (Gupta decline, later Guptas become rulers of Maghada, to 700s) |
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+479 |
CHINA: Southern Ch'i dynasty (479-502) succeeds Liu Sung dynasty at Nanking |
479 UR +sxt NE Sg Li |
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+ |
479 UR +tri PL Sg Le |
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+480 |
INDIA: Hsiung Nu tribes destroy the Gupta empire in north India |
480 UR +tri PL Sg Le |
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+ |
|||
+481 |
MIDEAST: Mamikonian gains political & religious freedom for Armenia (481-4) |
481 UR +tri PL Sg Le |
481 UR Cp |
+ |
W EUROPE: Clovis ascends throne of Franks at age 15, founder of Frankish Merovingian line |
481 Sa CONJ NE Li Li |
481 PL Vi |
+482 |
482 Sa CONJ NE Li Li |
482 PL Vi |
|
+483 |
PERSIA: Nestorian Christians tolerated in Persia, Persian Church draws exiles from Byzantium |
482 NE Sc |
|
+ |
PERSIA: Bar-Soma ests Nestorian doctrine of two natures in Christ (human & divine) |
483 NE Sc |
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+ |
ROME: Ostrogoth Theodoric appointed Magister, then Consul |
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+484 |
PERSIA: Hsiung Nu (White Huns) kill Sassanid Emperor in Persia, but Persian empire survives |
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+ |
EUROPE: Schism between Church in East & West: Pope Felix III excommunicates Patriarch Acacius |
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+485 |
|||
+ |
|||
+486 |
W EUROPE: Frankish Merovingian kgdm founded by Clovis (486-511, filling vacuum of Roman empire) |
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+ |
FRANCE: Frankish Clovis defeats last Roman governor of Gaul |
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+487 |
ITALY: Ostrogoths under Theodoric begin invasion of N Italy |
487 UR +sqt PL Cp Vi |
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+ |
|||
+488 |
488 UR +sqt PL Cp Vi |
488 UR Aq |
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+ |
|||
+489 |
MIDEAST: Nestorians ejected forcibly from Edessa by Byzantines; settle in Persia 498 |
489 UR +sqt PL Aq Vi |
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+ |
|||
+490 |
RUSSIA: Khazar khanate attacked by Persians (stimulating growth of Khazars until Viking times) |
490 UR +sqt PL Aq Vi |
|
+ |
* PERSIA: Zoroastran Mazdak preaches zealous communal & ascetic doctrines (deep future infl) |
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+491 |
BRITAIN: Saxons attack Britain at Pevensey, Sussex |
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+ |
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+492 |
492 Sa CONJ UR Aq Aq |
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+ |
|||
+493 |
ITALY: Ostrogothic kingdom established in Italy & Malta under Theodoric the Great (489-526) |
493 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc |
493 PL Li |
+ |
|||
+494 |
494 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc |
494 PL Li |
|
+ |
|||
+495 |
PERSIA: zealous Magian priest Mazdak preaches ascetism & communism (unrest follows) |
495 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc |
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+ |
CHINA: Northern Wei (Toba Tatars) move capital of N China to Loyang |
495 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li |
|
+496 |
FRANCE: Conversion-baptism of Merovingian king Clovis and Frankish nation |
496 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc |
496 UR Pi |
+ |
496 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li |
496 NE Sg |
|
+497 |
ITALY: Roman Emperor recognises Ostrogothic rule in Italy |
496 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
497 NE Sg |
+ |
497 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
||
+498 |
* SE ASIA: Hindu cultural influences reach Indonesia |
498 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
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+ |
|||
+499 |
INDIA: scientist Aryabhata teaches of rotation of earth and value of Pi=3.1416 |
499 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
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+ |
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+500 |
* AMERICAS: ZENITH OF CLASSICAL TIAHUANACO & HUARI (Bolivia-Peru, 500-1000) |
500 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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+ |
GERMANY: Marcomanni tribe move from Bohemia to Bavaria; Czechs occupy Bohemia |
500 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: British (Arthurian?) victory over expanding Saxons, at Bt of Mt Badon |
501 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
|
+501 |
* C AMERICA: decline of Teotihuacan influence (regionalisation of Mexican city states) |
501 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg |
|
+502 |
CHINA: Liang Dynasty (502-557) succeeds Ch'i in Nanking; Wu Ti, Nanking Emperor (502-49) |
502 UR +qcx PL Pi Li |
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+ |
|||
+503 |
INDIA: rise of Vishnu Hindu Chalukya dynasty in Maharashtra (peak of prosperity 630) |
503 UR Ar |
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+ |
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+504 |
* EUROPE: FOUNDATION OF EUROPEAN PROTO-STATES (in Germany, France, Italy) |
504 PL Peri 24Li |
504 UR Ar |
+ |
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+505 |
* S AMERICA: decline of Moche state (after catastrophic floods) |
505 PL Sc |
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+ |
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+506 |
506 PL Sc |
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+ |
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+507 |
FRANCE: Frankish Clovis annexes Visigoth Toulouse; Visigoths re-establish in Castile |
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+ |
IBERIA: Visigothic kingdom of Spain (507-711) (weak and poor) |
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+508 |
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+ |
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+509 |
509 UR +tri NE Ar Sg |
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+ |
|||
+510 |
FRANCE: Italian Ostrogoths occupy Provence (roots of kingdom of Savoy) |
510 UR +tri NE Ar Sg |
510 UR Ta |
+ |
|||
+511 |
FRANCE: Merovingian realm subdivided amongst Clovis' sons (by tradition) on his death |
511 UR +tri NE Ta Cp |
511 NE Cp |
+ |
511 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta |
511 UR Ta |
|
+512 |
512 UR +tri NE Ta Cp |
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+ |
512 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta |
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+513 |
MIDEAST: Basra cathedral built (Syria) (prototype for the Byzantine architectural style) |
513 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta |
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+ |
513 Sa CONJ PL Sc Sc |
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+514 |
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+ |
|||
+515 |
* INDIA: Aryabhata, Hindu astronomer & mathematician, at work |
516 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
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+ |
516 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc |
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+516 |
* CHINA: great pagoda-building period (516-60) (eg Yung-ning-su 516, Sung-yueh 523) |
517 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc |
|
+ |
517 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc |
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+517 |
CHINA: Emperor Wu Ti becomes a Buddhist (introducing Buddhism to C China) |
517 UR +sqt NE Ta Cp |
517 UR Ge |
+ |
518 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg |
517 PL Sg |
|
+518 |
? * BRITAIN: zenith of legendary High King Arthur (chivalry, security, Grail quest) |
518 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp |
518 UR Ge |
+ |
518 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
518 PL Sg |
|
+519 |
EUROPE: reconciliation of Schism between East & West Christian Churches |
519 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg |
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+ |
519 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp |
||
+520 |
INNOVN: decimal system invented by mathematicians Varamihara & Aryabhata in India |
519 UR on UR NNode |
|
+ |
JAPAN: revolt in Kyushu (dissention in Japan against Korean campaigns & economic conditions) |
519 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp |
|
+521 |
BRITAIN: est of Irish schools at Aranmore & Clonard draws scholars from Europe |
519 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
|
+ |
W EUROPE: major Irish scholastic & missionary influence in Europe (monasteries & schools) |
520 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg |
|
+522 |
520 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp |
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+ |
520 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+523 |
521 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+ |
522 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
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+524 |
ROME: Boethius (480-524), philosopher, theologian, musician, executed for treason |
522 NE on NE SNode |
524 NE Aq |
+ |
BRITAIN: Dalriada Scots from N Ireland settle in Argyll (SW Scotland) |
523 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
524 UR Cn |
+525 |
MIDEAST: Abyssinia under Caleb invades the Yemen |
524 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg |
525 NE Aq |
+ |
* INDIA: Ajanta caves, adorned with Buddhist carvings |
524 UR +qcx NE Ge Cp |
525 UR Cn |
+526 |
ITALY: death of Theodoric the Great, Ostrogoth king (471-526) |
525 NE +ssq PL Aq Sg |
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Antioch and area destroyed by an earthquake, killing 250,000 (May 26) |
525 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq |
|
+527 |
BYZANTIUM: Justinian, Byz Emp (527-65); dominates Church, starts long Church-State friction |
526 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: creation of Saxon kingdoms of Essex & Middlesex |
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+528 |
ITALY: Italian Dark Ages (depopulation, desecration, disintegration) |
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+ |
INDIA: Ephthalite Huns driven out of India by a coalition of Hindu states |
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+529 |
GREECE: Justinian closes Athens Sch of Philosophy to counter paganism (Syria & Persia inherit) |
529 UR -qcx PL Cn Sg |
|
+ |
ITALY: Benedictus founds Benedictine order at Monte Cassino (to regulate western monasticism) |
||
+ |
BYZANTIUM: Justinian's "Codex Vitus" (Code of Civil Laws) (replaced 534 by revised Codex) |
530 UR -qcx PL Cn Sg |
|
+530 |
*INDIA: fragmentation of N India as Gupta empire declines |
530 HALLEY'S COMET |
|
+531 |
PERSIA: PEAK OF SASANID INFLUENCE & PROSPERITY (Khosrau I Anohshirvan, Shah 531-79) |
531 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg |
531 UR Le |
+ |
531 UR -qcx PL Cn Sg |
||
+532 |
BYZANTIUM: insurrection in Constantinople, defeated (city destroyed, later rebuilt in style) |
532 Sa OPPN PL Cn Cp |
532 UR Le |
+ |
FRANCE: Franks overthrow kingdom of Burgundy |
532 UR -qcx PL Le Cp |
532 PL Cp |
+533 |
BYZANTIUM: Justinian reconquest of Roman territories by Belisarius; Vandal N Africa kgdm taken |
533 PL on PL SNode |
533 PL Cp |
+ |
BYZANTIUM: bldg of St Sophia Basilica in Constantinople (533-8) (zenith of Byz architecture) |
||
+534 |
MED'N: Malta, Ostrogothic Italy and Naples taken (534-6) by Byzantium (under Belisarius) |
534 UR -sqt PL Le Cp |
|
+ |
CHINA: Persian Bodhidharma founds Ch'an (Zen) school of Buddhism at Loyang |
535 UR OPPN NE Le Aq |
|
+ |
CHINA: Eastern Wei Dynasty (534-50, at An-yang), Western Wei (535-56, at Ch'ang-an) |
535 Sa CONJ UR Le Le |
|
+535 |
* BRITAIN: devel of Celtic monasticism & evangelism by Columba, to Europe 563; Book of Kells |
535 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq |
|
+ |
SE ASIA: explosion of Krakatoa volcano darkens and chills the world for five years |
||
+536 |
* C AMERICA: economic & political crisis (534-93) in MAYAN CIVILISATION (cultural hiatus) |
535 UR -sqt PL Le Cp |
|
+ |
536 UR OPPN NE Le Aq |
||
+537 |
? BRITAIN: death of legendary King Arthur at Bt of Camlan (killed by his illegitimate son) |
536 UR -sqt PL Le Cp |
537 UR Vi |
+ |
536 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq |
||
+538 |
537 UR OPPN NE Le Aq |
538 UR Vi |
|
+ |
537 UR -sqt PL Le Cp |
538 NE Pi |
|
+539 |
MIDEAST: war between Byzantium and Persia (539-562) |
538 UR OPPN NE Le Aq |
539 NE Pi |
+ |
539 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi |
||
+540 |
ITALY: Ostrogoths reclaim Ostrogoth Italy territories, entering Rome |
540 UR -tri PL Vi Cp |
|
+ |
* BRITAIN: zenith of Welsh epic poetry: Taliesin, Aneirin, Llywarch Hen |
||
+541 |
* E AFRICA: Christianity introduced to Nubia |
541 UR -tri PL Vi Cp |
|
+ |
SE ASIA: Viets rebel against Chinese rule (541-547) |
||
+542 |
* EUROPE: plague halves population of Europe in 50 yrs (origin Syria & Egypt, to Britain 547) |
542 UR -tri PL Vi Cp |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Gildas' "History of Britain" |
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+543 |
543 UR Li |
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+ |
|||
+544 |
544 UR Li |
||
+ |
|||
+545 |
|||
+ |
|||
+546 |
C EUROPE: scandinavian Langobards (Lombards) est Lombard dynasty in Moravia under Audoin |
||
+ |
ITALY: Rome forcefully emptied of all inhabitants by the Goths |
||
+547 |
548 UR -qcx NE Li Pi |
||
+548 |
* SE ASIA: decline of Funan trading kingdom (Cambodia) and takeover by Chen-la (Laos) |
549 UR -SQR PL Li Cp |
|
+549 |
BYZANTIUM: Justinian of Byzantium obtains silkworms from China |
549 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp |
|
+550 |
CHINA: Northern Ch'i Dynasty (550-77) rule at An-yang (overthrown 577 by N Chou of Ch'ang-an) |
549 UR -qcx NE Li Pi |
|
+ |
* E EUROPE: Slav, Polish and Ukrainian tribes settle in Mecklenburg & Galicia |
550 UR -SQR PL Li Cp |
550 PL Aq |
+ |
* C ASIA: TURKISH KHANATES DOMINATE CENTRAL ASIA |
550 UR -qcx NE Li Pi |
550 UR Sc |
+ |
* BRITAIN: Welsh Celtic Christians converted to Catholicism by St David |
||
+ |
* BYZANTIUM: GOLDEN AGE of BYZANTINE ART, RELIGION and CULTURE |
551 PL Aq |
|
+ |
* INNOVN: beginnings of use of Chess game, in India |
551 UR -SQR PL Sc Aq |
551 UR Sc |
+551 |
ITALY: Byzantium beats Ostrogoths, annexing Rome & Naples (under Narses, by 554) |
551 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
551 NE Ar |
+552 |
JAPAN: Buddhism introduced by Korean priests & Soga Clan; Asuka (historical) period begins |
551 UR -qcx NE Sc Ar |
552 NE Ar |
+ |
ASIA: Celestial Turks destroy Avar state in E Asia (causing Avar migration to Hungary) |
552 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
|
+553 |
BYZANTIUM: fifth Christian Council of Constantinople (Justinian's reorganisation of Church) |
553 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
|
+ |
|||
+554 |
554 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
||
+ |
554 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar |
||
+555 |
555 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq |
||
+ |
555 Sa CONJ NE Ar Ar |
||
+556 |
555 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar |
||
+ |
556 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar |
||
+557 |
BYZANTIUM: Constantinople damaged by an earthquake, many works destroyed, thousands killed |
557 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar |
557 UR Sg |
+ |
CHINA: Southern Ch'en Dynasty (557-89, at Nanking), Northern Chou (557-81, at Ch'ang-an) |
||
+558 |
FRANCE: Frankish kingdoms reunited by Chlothar I, Frankish king (511-561) (son of Clovis) |
558 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg |
|
+ |
EURASIA: bubonic plague kills millions across Old World |
558 UR -sqt NE Sg Ar |
|
+559 |
BYZANTIUM: Bulgar (Hun) & Slav assault on Constantinople repelled by Byzantine Belisarius |
559 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg |
|
+ |
559 UR on UR SNode |
||
+560 |
E EUROPE: onslaught of Avars drives Slavs into C Europe, Lombards into Italy |
560 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq |
|
+ |
N AFRICA: many cities in Egypt & N Africa damaged by earthquakes, thousands killed |
560 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg |
|
+561 |
C AMERICA: defeat of leading Mayan city of Tikal by city-state of Caracol |
561 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq |
|
+ |
|||
+562 |
W EUROPE: Avars invade Frankish kingdoms |
562 UR -tri NE Sg Ar |
|
+ |
E ASIA: Japanese driven out of most of Korea by Korean state of Silla |
||
+563 |
BRITAIN: St Columba founds Iona monastery (beginning of Irish evangelist ministry abroad) |
563 UR -tri NE Sg Ar |
|
+ |
|||
+564 |
* CHINA: infiltration of N China by many peoples absorbing Chinese culture & custom |
564 UR -tri NE Sg Ar |
564 UR Cp |
+ |
564 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
||
+565 |
E EUROPE: Avar state (558-803) in Hungary at zenith under Bajan, Avar Kagan (565-602) |
565 UR -tri NE Cp Ta |
565 NE Ta |
+ |
* BYZANTIUM: decline of Byzantine overseas strength |
565 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
|
+566 |
565 UR -ssq PL Cp Aq |
566 NE Ta |
|
+ |
|||
+567 |
W EUROPE: permanent partition of Frankish kingdom (roots of France & Germany as nations) |
566 UR -ssq PL Cp Aq |
|
+ |
IBERIA: Visigoths under Leovigild the Visigoth (567-86) drive Byzantines out of W Spain |
||
+568 |
ITALY: rise of Lombard Italy (568-774): overstretched Byz N Italy & Rome occupied by Alboin |
||
+ |
* C ASIA: zenith of first Turkish empire in Turkestan (emissaries sent to Byzantium) |
||
+569 |
@ BRITAIN: Columba converts Picts in Scotland to Celtic Church (bringing Med'n cultural infl) |
569 NE Peri 10Ta |
|
+ |
|||
+570 |
MIDEAST: Persians drive Abyssinians out of Yemen |
||
+ |
ISLAM: birth of Mohammed the Prophet (570-632) in Arabia |
||
+571 |
* C ASIA: foundation of first Tibetan state (Yarlung dynasty) |
571 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta |
|
+ |
571 UR -ssx PL Cp Aq |
||
+572 |
MIDEAST: war between Persia and Byzantium (until 591, Persian expansionism) |
572 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta |
572 UR Aq |
+ |
|||
+573 |
573 PL Pi |
||
+ |
|||
+574 |
ARABIA: Sasanian Persians invade Yemen (to control Red Sea) |
574 PL Pi |
|
+ |
|||
+575 |
CHINA: T'ien T'ai School of Buddhism founded (incorporating Confucian practices & values) |
||
+ |
|||
+576 |
|||
+ |
|||
+577 |
CHINA: Northern Chou (557-81, Ch'ang-an) overthrow Northern Ch'i (550-77, An-yang) |
||
+ |
|||
+578 |
578 NE Ge |
||
+ |
|||
+579 |
* S AMERICA: rise of local Nanteno & Milagro cultures in Equador (500s-1463) |
579 UR Pi |
|
+ |
579 NE Ge |
||
+580 |
CHINA: SUI DYNASTY (580-618) at CH'ANG-AN; Yang Chien, Emperor (580-604) (ex Chou minister, |
580 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge |
580 UR Pi |
+ |
|||
+581 |
581 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge |
||
+ |
582 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge |
||
+582 |
582 UR CONJ PL Pi Pi |
||
+ |
582 Sa CONJ UR Pi Pi |
||
+583 |
* C AMERICA: slow decline of Teotihuacan as dominant power in Mexico (also Mayan ascendancy) |
582 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
+ |
582 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi |
||
+584 |
RUSSIA: Kubrat Dulo (584-642) consolidates Bulgar tribes (ex Finno-Tatars & Huns) in S Russia |
583 UR CONJ PL Pi Pi |
|
+ |
583 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
||
+585 |
IBERIA: Visigoths under Leovigild conquer the whole of Spain; end of Sueves kgdm of Galicia |
584 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
+ |
JAPAN: Yomei, Emp of Japan (585-7) adopts Buddhism as Imperial faith |
585 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
+586 |
S AMERICA: abandonment of Moche (Mochica coastal capital) for inland Lambayeque valley |
586 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi |
|
+ |
|||
+587 |
JAPAN: civil war between ruling Buddhist Soga clan & traditionalist Nakatomi & Mononobe clans |
587 UR Ar |
|
+ |
IBERIA: Visigoths convert to Catholicism (beginning of Catholic rule in Spain) |
||
+588 |
588 UR Ar |
||
+ |
|||
+589 |
EUROPE: Visigoths and Lombards converted to Catholicism (absorption of Barbarians) |
||
+ |
CHINA: REUNION OF CHINA under Sui dynasty (581-617) (by conquest of S Ch'en dynasty, Nanking) |
||
+590 |
W EUROPE: Irish St Columban's mission to Europe (founding monasteries in Germany & Italy) |
590 Sa CONJ NE Ge Ge |
|
+ |
ROME: Pope Gregory I the Great (590-604) (1st monastic Pope, growth of worldly Church power) |
||
+591 |
PERSIA: Khosrau Parviz II (590-628) succeeds to throne & renews war with Byzantium |
591 NE Cn |
|
+ |
|||
+592 |
592 UR +ssx PL Ar Pi |
592 NE Cn |
|
+ |
|||
+593 |
JAPAN: Empress Suiko & Prince Shotoku Taishi (593-628) promote Buddhist temple-building, learning, |
593 UR +ssx PL Ar Pi |
|
+ |
Chinese forms of unified central gov't, Confucian moral principles & economic changes |
||
+594 |
* INNOVN: use of negative-relief block printing and book printing in China |
594 UR Ta |
|
+ |
|||
+595 |
595 UR Ta |
||
+ |
|||
+596 |
BRITAIN: Gregorius I sends Augustine to Britain to convert Anglo-Saxons & counteract Celtic Church |
596 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
|
+ |
* N AFRICA: zenith of Coptic culture in Egypt; INDIA: cultural, artistic, architectural climax |
597 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn |
|
+597 |
* N AMERICA: approx building of city of Cahokia (Illinois, peak 1050-1250) |
597 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
|
+598 |
* S AMERICA: HUARI conquests in Peru (expansion of Huari empire) |
597 UR +ssq PL Ta Pi |
|
+599 |
598 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn |
|
|
|
|
+600 |
* BRITAIN: peak of Welsh post-bardic heroic verse (eg "Gododdin" by Aneurin) |
598 UR +ssq PL Ta Pi |
|
+ |
* EUROPE: END of BARBARIAN INVASIONS in EUROPE, settling of peoples |
599 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn |
600 PL Ar |
+ |
* RUSSIA: GROWTH OF KHAZAR KHANATE (astride Volga & Don rivers, capital Itil, trading city) |
||
+ |
* BYZANTIUM: development of the Icon as religious artform in Byzantium & Bulgaria |
601 PL Ar |
|
+601 |
FRANCE: widespread famine in France (600-04) |
601 UR Ge |
|
+602 |
CHINA: Huang Ho (Yellow River) changes course as a result of disastrous floods |
602 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge |
602 PL Ar |
+ |
BRITAIN: Augustine establishes Catholic archbishopric in Britain at Canterbury |
602 UR Ge |
|
+603 |
MIDEAST: major war between Persia & Byzantium (ravaging Armenia, Syria, Anatolia) |
603 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge |
|
+ |
SE ASIA: revolts in Annam (N Vietnam) & Chams (Cambodia) suppressed by China (over sea trade) |
603 UR on UR NNode |
|
+604 |
JAPAN: Constitution of 17 Articles (Shotoko Taishi code, Buddhist); Japan opening to Chinese influences |
604 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge |
|
+ |
ROME: last meeting of the ancient Roman Senate 604 NE on NE NNode |
||
+605 |
CHINA: opening of the Grand Canal at Loyang (built by a million labourers) |
604 UR -ssq NE Ge Cn |
605 NE Le |
+ |
CHINA: Yang Ti, Sui Emperor (605-18) (mismanagement & fruitless wars, new capital at Loyang) |
605 UR -ssq NE Ge Cn |
|
+606 |
INDIA: ZENITH OF LATER GUPTA EMPIRE in N India, under Sri Harsha of Thanesar (606-647) |
606 UR -ssq NE Ge Cn |
606 NE Le |
+ |
CHINA: public examinations instituted for applicants to Mandarin public office in China |
||
+607 |
JAPAN: opening of Japan to Chinese cultural influences; Japanese ambassadors in China |
607 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
+ |
C ASIA: unification of Tibet by the Yarlung dynasty |
607 HALLEY'S COMET |
|
+608 |
* CHINA: major public works, incl Yangtze-Huang Ho canal, Great Wall |
608 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
608 UR Cn |
+ |
S INDIA: Mahendravarman I, Pallava king (c600-25) (anti-Jain, pro-Shiva; much religious building) |
609 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
+609 |
SE ASIA: foundation of Thai Nan Chao state |
609 Sa OPPN NE Aq Le |
609 UR Cn |
+610 |
MIDEAST: Mohammed the Prophet's vision on Mt Hira |
610 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
+ |
BYZANTIUM: Heraclius, Byz Emperor (610-41): BYZANTIUM GROWS as a Greek-speaking, Christian |
610 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar |
|
+ |
civilisation, stretching from Gibraltar to Euphrates (soon to shrink before the Arabs) |
||
+611 |
MIDEAST: Persia conquers (611-26) Antioch, Damascus, Jerusalem, Egypt (618) and Asia Minor |
611 NE +tri PL Le Ar |
|
+ |
611 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar |
||
+612 |
CHINA: Sui dynasty invasion of Koguryo (Korea) fails, at great cost |
611 UR -ssx NE Cn Le |
|
+ |
612 UR -ssx NE Cn Le |
||
+613 |
CHINA: revolts around China reduce power of Sui dynasty (empire exhausted by war & excess) |
||
+ |
|||
+614 |
MIDEAST: Persians sack Jerusalem (removing relic of the True Cross) |
614 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar |
|
+ |
|||
+615 |
BRITAIN: friction between Saxon England and Gaelic Ireland |
615 UR Le |
|
+ |
INNOVN: petroleum ("burning water") first used in Japan |
||
+ |
C AMERICA: recorded accession of Maya lord Pacal (615-83) (building of major Maya structures) |
||
+616 |
|||
+617 |
CHINA: Sui dynasty ends (burden of public works & Korea invasion), China falls into anarchy |
||
+ |
MIDEAST: Persians conquer to within one mile of Constantinople |
||
+618 |
CHINA: T'ANG DYNASTY established (618-907) (retaining Sui admin system, China largely unchanging) |
618 NE Vi |
|
+ |
|||
+619 |
CHINA: "Ten Classics" (Suan Ching), scientific manuals ; spread of Ch'an & Pure Land Buddhism in China |
619 NE Vi |
|
+ |
|||
+620 |
* PERSIA: LAST ZENITH OF SASSANID EMPIRE (stretching from Anatolia to Afghanistan) |
620 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
620 NE Vi |
+ |
BRITAIN: first invasions of Ireland by early Vikings from Norway & Denmark |
||
+ |
* CHINA: porcelain production, formation of orchestras with 100s of players |
||
+621 |
621 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
621 UR Vi |
|
+ |
* INDIA: beginning of Bhakti Vedantist revival in Hinduism (Shiva-Brahma-Vishnu, Krishna) |
||
+622 |
ISLAM: HEGIRA of Mohammed: Muslim migration from Mecca to Medina (start of Muslim calendar) |
622 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar |
622 UR Vi |
+ |
BYZANTIUM: start of campaigns of Heraclius to protect Byzantium |
622 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
|
+623 |
C ASIA: Nestorian Christians visit Tibet & Dzungaria |
623 UR CONJ NE Vi Vi |
|
+624 |
ISLAM: publication of much of the Quran (Arabia) |
623 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar |
|
+ |
CHINA: China united under the T'ang Dynasty (beginning 618); Eastern Turks raid Ch'ang-An |
623 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar |
|
+625 |
ISLAM: Mohammed the Prophet's mission starts, at Medina, Arabia |
624 UR CONJ NE Vi Vi |
|
+ |
MIDEAST: Persian conquests of Middle East fail (surrounding E Med'n, threatening Byzantium) |
624 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar |
|
+ |
* AMERICAS: ZENITH of MAYAN CIVILISATION (eg building of Palenque temples in Mexico) |
625 Sa CONJ NE Vi Vi |
|
+ |
S INDIA: Pallava Narasimhavarman I (c625-45) (public works, Dravidian temples, consolidation) |
626 Sa CONJ UR Vi Vi |
|
+626 |
BYZANTIUM: Constantinople beseiged by Avars and Persians repulsed (Europe at risk) |
626 PL Aphn 25Ar |
|
+627 |
BRITAIN: conversion of Northumbria to RC Ch; Edinburgh founded; RC conversion of Wessex ?635 |
626 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar |
627 UR Li |
+ |
MIDEAST: Persians beaten by Byzantines at Nineveh; SASANID PERSIA BEGINS DECLINE |
627 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar |
|
+ |
CHINA: T'AI TSUNG, Emperor (627-49), CHINA AT CLIMAX (tolerance & patronage of arts & letters) |
||
+ |
BYZANTIUM: sugar reaches Europe (pure Indian sugar discovered by Heraclius' troops in Persia) |
628 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar |
|
+628 |
ISLAM: Mohammed the Prophet takes Mecca, writes to rulers throughout world, announcing Islam |
628 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
628 UR Li |
+629 |
MIDEAST: Byzantine Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians |
629 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
|
+ |
CHINA: Hsuan Tsang, Buddhist scholar, travels to Cambodia & India to study Buddhism |
||
+630 |
* BRITAIN: major church (Glastonbury, St Albans, Winchester) & castle building period |
630 PL Ta |
|
+ |
* MIDEAST: introduction of cotton to Arab lands (from India) |
||
+631 |
CHINA: Northern Turks beaten by Chinese; suzerainty extended to Turkestan by 641 |
631 PL Ta |
|
+ |
* INDIA: Parsee Zoroastrans settle in W India ("Jews of the East") |
||
+632 |
ISLAM: DEATH OF MOHAMMED: ARAB EXPANSION BEGINS; "Holy War" declared (Abu Bakr) |
632 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
632 PL Ta |
+ |
C ASIA: Buddhism becomes the state religion in Tibet (temporarily) |
632 NE Li |
|
+633 |
MIDEAST: churches of Jerusalem, Antioch & Alexandria closed to Christians by Islamic Arabs |
633 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
633 NE Li |
+ |
IBERIA: Visigothic Spain becomes an elective kingdom |
||
+634 |
ISLAM: Omar I (634-44) 'Ruler of the Faithful' (transforms Arab state into theocratic empire) |
634 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta |
634 UR Sc |
+ |
BRITAIN: Britain in anarchy (struggles between Northumbria & Mercia, Celtic & Roman Churches) |
634 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
|
+635 |
ISLAM: Arabs overcome Damascus & Ctesiphon; end of Sassanid empire |
635 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
+ |
ISLAM: caliphate moves from Medina to Damascus (Islamic empire ceases being purely Arabian) |
635 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
|
+636 |
* JAPAN: feudal nobility in ascendancy in Japan |
635 UR +ssx NE Sc Li |
|
+ |
* NW EUROPE: Christianity generally accepted in Anglo-Saxon lands (bringing cultural upswing) |
636 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Irish Celtic Church submits to Papal Roman Catholicism |
636 NE +qcx PL Li Ta |
|
+ |
ISLAM: Arabs take Syria (from Byzantium) |
636 UR +ssx NE Sc Li |
|
+637 |
ISLAM: Persian empire falls to Arabs (637-1258) (Islam replaces Zoroastranism) |
||
+638 |
ISLAM: Arab Muslims take Jerusalem (from Byzantium) |
||
+ |
ASIA: Persia warns and appeals to China for help against Arabs |
||
+639 |
ISLAM: Arabs attack Armenia |
||
+ |
W EUROPE: death of Dagobert brings effective end of Frankish Merovingian dynasty |
||
+ |
ASIA: Srong-tsan Gampo, king of Tibet, unifies Tibet and converts to Buddhism |
||
+640 |
* W EUROPE: gradual separation of French & German languages in old Merovingian lands |
||
+ |
ISLAM: Arabs conquer Egypt, expanding into North Africa |
||
+641 |
N AFRICA: destruction of Alexandrian school & library (centre of ancient thought) |
641 UR Sg |
|
+ |
* MIDEAST: peak of Armenian architecture and civic life |
||
+642 |
* BYZANTIUM: Byzantium loses trade & infl from recently-conqd Arab territories; econ decline |
642 UR +ssq NE Sg Li |
|
+ |
S INDIA: Pallavas pillage Chalukya capital (ending prosperity & upsetting S Indian balance) |
643 UR -qcx PL Sg Ta |
|
+ |
PERSIA: fall of Sasanian Persia to Arabs (end of independent Persia) |
||
+643 |
ISLAM: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, first major Islamic mosque; Arabs conquer Tripoli |
643 UR on UR SNode |
|
+ |
CHINA: visit of Byzantine & Persian ambassadors to China |
643 UR +ssq NE Sg Li |
|
+644 |
* CHINA: Hsuang Tsang translates 75 Buddhist books, initiating Pure Land school of Buddhism |
644 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li |
|
+645 |
ASIA: China annexes Korea; Dzungaria & Tarim Basin (645-743) (expansionist policies) |
644 UR -qcx PL Sg Ta |
|
+ |
JAPAN: downfall of Soga clan; "Taika Reform" by Fujiwaras reorganises Japan centrally |
645 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li |
|
+ |
C ASIA: Buddhism introduced in Tibet (on Chinese-Tibetan alliance, first temple 651) |
||
+ |
ASIA: Nestorian Christians settle in China (missionary activity & monasteries from 678) |
||
+646 |
MED'N: Byzantine fleet retakes Alexandria (temporarily) |
646 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
646 NE Sc |
+647 |
INDIA: end of Later Gupta period in N India, on death of Sri Harsha (since 320AD) |
647 NE Sc |
|
+ |
BRITAIN: Celtic Church gains upper hand in Britain under Aidan of Iona (until 664) |
||
+648 |
* C ASIA: expansion and growth of Tibetan culture and kingdom under Srongtsen Gampo |
648 UR -sqt PL Sg Ta |
648 UR Cp |
+ |
* EUROPE: supremacy of Celtic Church in N W Europe (until Boniface) |
649 UR +sxt NE Cp Sc |
|
+649 |
ISLAM: Arabs conquer Cyprus |
649 UR -sqt PL Cp Ta |
|
+650 |
ISLAM: Quran revised to become more 'biblical' by Caliph Othman (murdered 656) |
649 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp |
|
+ |
* CHINA: traditional Buddhism challenged by Amida (Pure Land) school, led by Shan Tao |
650 UR +sxt NE Cp Sc |
|
+ |
E EUROPE: Khazars conquer Bulgarian empire in S Russia; Croats & Serbs occupy Bosnia |
650 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp |
|
+ |
* SE ASIA: Hindu SRIVIJAYA EMPIRE (Sumatra, Malaya, Borneo) cap Palembang (600-1400) |
||
+651 |
E EUROPE: Bulgars under Isperikh (643-701) migrate to Lower Danube (after Khazar & Avar force) |
651 UR +sxt NE Cp Sc |
|
+652 |
ISLAM: Arab expansion in Africa stopped by Nubians at Aswan (on the Nile) |
||
+ |
|||
+653 |
653 UR -tri PL Cp Ta |
||
+ |
|||
+654 |
654 UR -tri PL Cp Ta |
||
+ |
|||
+655 |
ISLAM: Arab fleet destroys Byzantine fleet at Lycia (Arabs become maritime power) |
||
+ |
C ASIA: Arabs invade Khorasan |
||
+656 |
ISLAM: standardisation of the Quran completed |
656 UR Aq |
|
+ |
|||
+657 |
* ASIA: Western Turks disperse to Russia-Hungary & some later follow Mahmud of Ghazni to India |
657 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
|
|
|
|
NEXT: Later Age of Light and Dark
BACK: Classical Empire Period
The Historical Ephemeris © Copyright Palden Jenkins 1993-99
by Palden Jenkins
Astro-historical tables for 2,500 years