+905

* EUROPE: Magyar, Viking & Arab threats coalesce European awareness & identity

905 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta

905 NE Ge

+

+906

C EUROPE: Magyars destroy Moravia (C Europe's only organised state (830-906))

906 PL Ge

+

+907

CHINA: EPOCH OF THE FIVE DYNASTIES (907-960) (disintegration & instability, ten states secede)

907 UR -tri PL Cp Ta

907 UR Aq

+

C EUROPE: Magyars raid Germany & Italy; 910 extract tribute from Byzantium

907 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

907 PL Ge

+908

ASIA: Khitan Mongols under Yelu A-pao-chi conquer Mongolia & north borders of China

908 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

908 PL Ge

+

+909

ISLAM: rise of Fatimid dynasty in Tunisia (claiming authority over Islam)

909 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

+

* PACIFIC OCEAN: Polynesians begin to settle Aotearoa (New Zealand)

+910

* W EUROPE: expansion of great monasteries: Cluny Abbey (Cistercian, France) founded

910 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

+911

RUSSIA: Oleg of Kiev extracts treaties & trade from Byzantium after attacking Constantinople

+911

W EUROPE: Carolingian dynasty ends, elections initiated, Konrad I elected HRE (911-18) (Saxon dynasty)

+

FRANCE: Vikings granted Duchy of Normandy, Robert I (Rollo) Duke of Normandy (911-31) at Rouen

+912

IBERIA: Abd ar Rahman III, Emir of Cordoba (912-961) marks zenith of UMAYYAD RULE IN SPAIN

912 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge

+

BYZANTIUM: Constantinus VII, Byz Emp (912-20) (empire extends to Iraq)

912 HALLEY'S COMET

+913

SE EUROPE: Symeon, Bulgarian Czar (893-927) invades much of Greece, fails with Constantinople

913 Sa CONJ NE Ge Ge

+

+914

914 UR Pi

+

+915

EUROPE: Magyars (899-955) attack Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Byzantium (mainly for loot)

915 UR Pi

+

+916

E ASIA: Khitan khanate in Mongolia founded

+

+917

E EUROPE: Bulgarian Church separates from Rome & Const'ple (Bulgarian zenith under Symeon I)

917 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge

+

INDIA: Kashmir devastated by famine

+918

E ASIA: state of Koryo (Korea) founded (Koryo period (918-1392))

918 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge

+

+919

HRE: Henry I K of Germany (919-36) (takes Lorraine, Brandenbg, Bohemia, E Ger, Hungary by 936)

919 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi

919 NE Cn

+

HRE: Saxon Emperors line (919-1024)

+920

BYZANTIUM: Romanos I Lecapenus, Byz Emp (920-44) (repulses Viking-Russ, Bulg & Arab assaults)

920 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi

920 NE Cn

+

+921

C EUROPE: Bohemians convert to Christianity

921 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi

+

+922

922 UR Ar

+

+923

923 UR Ar

+

+924

BYZANTIUM: Bulgarians under Symeon I devastate Greece & threaten Constantinople

924 UR -SQR NE Ar Cn

+

+925

BRITAIN: Athelstan, King of England (925-40) (dominant in mainland Britain by 937)

925 UR -SQR NE Ar Cn

+

GERMANY: HRE Henry I conquers Lorraine (culturally & econ wealthy & densely populated)

+926

926 UR -SQR NE Ar Cn

+

+927

W EUROPE: Cluny becomes centre of reform movement in European monasteries (Odo)

927 UR -SQR NE Ar Cn

+

927 UR -sxt PL Ar Ge

+928

GERMANY: Henry I, HRE conquers Brandenburg; 929 conquers Bohemia (carving out German empire)

928 UR -sxt PL Ar Ge

+

928 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge

+929

IBERIA: Abdul Rahman III, Caliph of Cordoba (929-61) ests ind Cordoba Caliphate

929 UR Ta

+

FRANCE: Rudolph, King of France (929-36) (France united under one ruler)

+930

ATLANTIC: Iceland becomes an independent Viking republic

930 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge

930 UR Ta

+

ATLANTIC: est of Allthing, Icelandic general assembly (oldest continuous parliament in world)

+931

931 Sa OPPN NE Cp Cn

+

931 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge

+932

GERMANY: Magyar raids in Bohemia & Saxony

932 Sa OPPN NE Aq Le

932 NE Le

+

932 UR -ssq PL Ta Ge

+933

GERMANY: Henry I HRE defeats Magyars; takes Schleswig 934

933 UR -ssq PL Ta Ge

933 NE Le

+

E ASIA: Po Hai (710-934, Manchuria) destroyed by Khitans; founding of kgdm of Koryo (Korea)

933 NE on NE NNode

+934

SCANDNVA: Erik Bloodaxe, King of Norway (934-54) (later provokes rebellion by his violence)

934 PL Cn

+

SCANDNVA: Harold Bluetooth, King of Denmark (934-986) (first Christian king in North)

+935

ISLAM: text of Quran revised & finalised

935 PL Cn

+

* ASIA: zenith (935-1170) of Koryo period (918-1392) in Korea

+936

GERMANY: Otto I (936-73) (expansion, building & wealth) king of Franks & Lombards by 951

936 PL Cn

+

EUROPE: beginning of Ottonian period of Gothic architecture

936 UR Ge

+

* MIDEAST: Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad politically compromised; power now held by Great Emir

+

BYZANTIUM: Constantinople severely damaged by an earthquake, killing thousands

+937

BRITAIN: Saxon Athelstan defeats Danes, Scots & Stratchclyde British at Brunanburgh

937 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn

937 UR Ge

+

W EUROPE: Magyar raids through Germany & E France

+938

CHINA: Khitans expand into N China & establish capital at Beijing (becoming Liao dynasty)

938 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn

+

GERMANY: Otto I campaigns in Bavaria & Saxony, Swabia 939

+939

SE ASIA: Dai Viet (Annam) becomes independent of China (growth of Vietnamese culture)

939 UR on UR NNode

+

JAPAN: revolts & period of civil war (after downfall of centralist imperial rule, until 1185)

+

INDIA: peak of the Rashtrakuta state (W Deccan) under Krishna II

+940

BRITAIN: Edmund I, king of England; 942 Malcolm I, king of Scotland

940 UR -sxt NE Ge Le

+

IBERIA: Arabs lose Madrid to Spaniards of Leon (begn of Reconquista of Spain)

940 PL on PL NNode

+941

BRITAIN: war between Danes and Saxons in England; Edmund I king of England (940-6)

941 UR -sxt NE Ge Le

+

BYZANTIUM: Viking naval attack on Constantinople beaten off

+942

C EUROPE: Christian conversion of Hungary

942 UR -sxt NE Ge Le

+

+943

C AMERICA: Zapotec capital of Monte Alban sacked by Mixtecs and abandoned

943 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge

943 UR Cn

+

+944

944 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn

944 UR Cn

+945

ISLAM: power shifts from Iraq to Persia under Buwayhids (end of great days of Islamic empire)

+

MIDEAST: Buyid dynasty of Emirs (945-1055) in Baghdad (Abbasid caliphate now a religious formality)

945 NE +ssq PL Le Cn

+

RUSSIA: Viking state of Kiev first designated as 'Rus'

+946

FRANCE: Otto I HRE advances on Paris & Rouen (extending German influence widely)

946 NE +ssq PL Le Cn

946 NE Vi

+

+947

CHINA: Khitan Mongols invade N China, establish Liao Dynasty, with new capital Beijing

947 UR CONJ PL Cn Cn

947 NE Vi

+

N AFRICA: Shi'ite Fatimid Al-Mansur conquers N Africa, Sicily & SW Italy

947 NE +ssq PL Le Cn

+948

947 UR -ssq NE Cn Le

+

948 UR -ssq NE Cn Vi

+949

948 Sa CONJ NE Vi Vi

+

+950

* EUROPE: ZENITH of EUROPEAN 'DARK AGES' (instability, violence, cultural downturns)

950 UR Le

+

* SCANDNVA: migration of Same-folk (Lapps) into N Scandinavia & Russia from Siberia

+

* W AFRICA: zenith of kgdm of Ghana (with high level of culture, founded 300s)

951 UR Le

+

GERMANY: Bohemia becomes tributary to Otto I, King of Franks & Lombards (950-66) by marriage

+951

+

+952

+

+953

* HRE: PEAK OF OTTONIAN PERIOD in GERMAN HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

953 UR -ssx NE Le Vi

+

+954

FRANCE: Lothar, King of France (954-986, formation of French national identity)

954 UR -ssx NE Le Vi

+

W EUROPE: Magyar raids as far west as Belgium; BRITAIN: four year famine, 40,000 die

+955

C EUROPE: Otto I defeats Magyars at Lechfeld & Slavs at Recknitz (pacifying Magyars to 1170s)

+

* E EUROPE: Eastern Orthodox faith moves into Russia from Byzantium

+956

* EUROPE: EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RECOVERY & STABILITY begin (956-1160) (forest clearing,

956 UR +ssx PL Vi Le

956 PL Le

+

marsh drainage, settler migration to new land, re-establishment of towns & ports)

956 UR Vi

+957

957 UR +ssx PL Le Cn

957 PL Le

+

957 UR Vi

+958

+

+959

BRITAIN: Eadgar the Peaceful (959-75) unifies England (creates stability, learning & growth)

959 NE Li

+

+960

CHINA: NORTHERN SUNG TAI TSU, new emperor in Five Dynasties state; reunites China by 979

960 NE Li

+

* ISLAM: founding of universities in Cordoba & Cairo; EUROPE: Churchbuilding period

+

E EUROPE: Poland becomes a kingdom; Mieczyslav I, first king of Poland

+961

IBERIA: Hakam II, Ummayyad caliph of Cordoba (961-976)

961 UR +ssq PL Vi Le

961 NE Li

+

+962

C ASIA: Turks found Ghazni principality in Khorasan (incubation of a future power)

962 Sa OPPN PL Aq Le

962 UR Li

+

W EUROPE: Otto I (962-973) of Germany crowned emperor of re-founded Holy Roman Empire, in Rome

962 UR +ssq PL Vi Le

+963

BYZANTIUM: new emperor Nicephorus II Phocas defeats Bulgarians & Arabs

963 UR Li

+

CHINA: Tai Tsu beats Tatar Mongols (forced to pay heavy tribute to Hsi-Hsia & Liao)

+964

AMERICAS: TOLTEC CULTURE, NEW PERIOD (964-1191), Yucatan (Mayapan, Uxmal, Chichen Itza)

+

BYZANTIUM: Nicephorus II Phocas (963-9) conquers Cyprus from Arabs

+965

BRITAIN: Saxon England overcomes Welsh resistance (in Gwynedd) against colonisation of Wales

965 UR CONJ NE Li Li

+

RUSSIA: Khazar state in S Russia (capital Itil) subdued by Viking-Russians under Sviatoslav

+966

JAPAN: ZENITH of FUJIWARA (966-1068) PERIOD; Heian Michinaga, Emperor of Japan (966-1027)

+

E EUROPE: Poland converts to Catholicism (est of longlasting links with W Europe)

+967

E EUROPE: Viking Sviatoslav of Russia subdues the Bulgars (lands from Novgorod to Danube)

967 UR +sxt PL Li Le

+

* SE EUROPE: first monasteries built at Mt Athos (Athos becomes centre of Orthodox monasticism)

967 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li

+968

E EUROPE: Vikings ravage Bulgaria & Balkans; 970 driven out by Slavs & Magyars

967 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li

+

MIDEAST: Byzantines retake Antioch from Arabs; 600,000 die in Egyptian famine (Nile drought)

968 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li

+969

N AFRICA: Fatimid dynasty (969-1171, Tunisian Shi'ite Muslims, anti-Abbasid) conquer Egypt

968 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li

969 UR Sc

+

969 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li

+970

* INDIA: collapse of three major states (Rashtrakuta, Pala, Pratihara) – allowing for Muslim invasion

970 UR Sc

+

* ISLAM: C Asian Turks convert to Islam (leading toward later Turk ascendancy – Seljuks, Ottomans)

+971

+

+972

C EUROPE: birth of Hungarian state under Duke Geisa the Magyar (972-97), (newly Christianised)

+

* CHINA: Buddhist Canon printed in Szechuan with 130,000 woodblocks

+973

* ARTS: revival of Deccan art & architecture in central India

973 PL Vi

+

N AFRICA: Shi'ite Fatimids found the city of Cairo

973 NE Sc

+974

974 NE Sc

+

974 PL Vi

+975

IDEAS: arithmetic notation imported to Europe by Arabs, via Cordoba

+

MIDEAST: Al-Aziz, Fatimid Egypt (975-96) conquers Syria & Iraq (Fatimids rule Atlantic-Euphrates)

+976

BYZANTIUM: Basil II, Byz Emp (976-1025) (zenith of Byz expansion, reaches Jerusalem's gates)

976 UR Sg

+

E EUROPE: Samuel, Czar of Bulgaria (976-1014)

+977

IBERIA: Hisham, Caliph of Cordoba (977-1002) (patron of science, arts & philosophy)

+

E AFRICA: fall of Christian Axum (Eritrea) to pagan invaders

978 UR +SQR PL Sg Vi

+978

W EUROPE: Otto II, HRE (967-83) at war with Lothair of France; Aix-la-Chappelle destroyed

978 Sa CONJ PL Vi Vi

+

IBERIA: Muhammad al-Mansur, Umayyad chief minister (978-1002) (powerful force in Cordoba)

978 UR +ssx NE Sg Sc

+979

IRELAND: Irish under Malachi defeat the Vikings at the Hill of Tara

978 UR on UR SNode

+

CHINA: CHINA FINALLY REUNITED BY SUNG TAI TSU (963-979, advent of modernity & humanism)

+

BRITAIN: Ethelred the Unready, Saxon King of England (979-1016) (constant pressure from Danes)

979 UR +SQR PL Sg Vi

+980

* EUROPE: growth of trading cities: Venice, Genoa, London, Antwerpen, Paris, Marseilles, Mainz

980 UR +SQR PL Sg Vi

+

* BRITAIN: renewed Viking raids on England's ports and coastlines

+

RUSSIA: St Vladimir, Prince of Kiev (980-1015) (patron of Orthodox religious arts & learning)

+981

+

+982

EUROPE: HRE domination of Europe weakened by Saracen (Fatimid) victory over Otto II in Italy

+

N ATLANTIC: Greenland settled by Vikings under Erik the Red

+983

C EUROPE: Slav rebellion against German rule, after death of Otto II (resisting German growth)

983 UR Cp

+

HRE: Otto III, HRE (983-1002)

+984

E AFRICA: settlement by Arab & Persian traders on E coast of Africa (Dar-es-Salaam, Zanzibar)

984 Sa CONJ NE Sc Sc

+

FRANCE: regular famines & shortages (to 1059) (bringing Millenial fears)

+985

SCANDNVA: Sweyn, King of Denmark (985-1014), and of Sweden (995-1014)

985 PL Li

+

INDIA: Rajaraja, Chola Rajah (985-1014) conquers Tamil-nad, Deccan (first union of South India)

+986

INDIA: invasion of N India by Turks from Afghanistan under Sabuktigin

986 UR +ssq NE Cp Sc

986 PL Li

+

JAPAN: new religious currents: monks Genshin & Kuya; millenialism; growth of Pure Land sect

+987

FRANCE: accession of Capetian dynasty – Hugh Capet, King of France (987-96)

987 UR +ssq NE Cp Sc

987 PL Li

+

EUROPE: 120 day great winter freeze in W Europe

987 NE Sg

+988

BRITAIN: SW England & Wales under regular attack by Vikings; 993 Yorkshire; 994 London

988 NE Sg

+

C AMERICA: Chichen Itza taken over by Toltecs, becoming new capital of Yucatan (987-1221)

+989

* RUSSIA: Russians convert to Orthodox Christianity under Vladimir the Saint (980-1015)

989 HALLEY'S COMET

+

EUROPE: widespread millenial anticipation throughout Christendom

+990

* EUROPE: development of systematic musical notation in Church music

+

* AMERICAS: Inca Tiahuanaco culture in Peru expands greatly (zenith 1200s-1500s)

+991

BYZANTIUM: Basileus II embarks on long struggles (991-1014) with Bulgarian Samuel I

991 Sa CONJ UR Cp Cp

991 UR Aq

+

C EUROPE: schism of Serbian tribes: Orthodox (Serbia, Bosnia) & Catholic (Croatia) spheres

+992

E EUROPE: Boleslav I Chrobry of Poland (992-1025) (unites W Slavs, creates state of Poland)

+

+993

SCANDNVA: Olaf Tryggvesson, King of Norway (995-1000) (converts Norway Vikings to Christ'ty)

993 UR +sxt NE Aq Sg

+

ROME: first canonisation of saints by RC Church, under Pope John XV (985-996)

+994

BRITAIN: London beseiged by Vikings; Yorkshire damaged

994 UR +sxt NE Aq Sg

+

SCANDNVA: Olaf Skotkonung, Scots K of Sweden (995-1022) (converts Sweden to Christianity)

+995

C EUROPE: last independent tribe of C Europe, the Slavnici, subdued by Germans in Bohemia

995 UR +sxt NE Aq Sg

+

JAPAN: Michinaga (966-1027) greatest Fujiwara emperor (literature, arts, stability)

+

N AFRICA: est of House of Science in Fatimid Cairo (blockprinting, optics, nat hist, anatomy)

+996

FRANCE: Richard the Good, Duke of Normandy (996-1026) (Normandy latinised Viking nation)

996 UR +tri PL Aq Li

+

ITALY: civil war in Rome

+997

C EUROPE: St Stephen I of Hungary (997-1038) (founds towns & monasteries, 'Apostolic Majesty')

997 UR +tri PL Aq Li

997 PL Sc

+

FRANCE: Robert II, 2nd Capetian king of France (996-1031)

998 UR +tri PL Pi Sc

+998

ASIA: Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030, cultural patron) founds Emirate of Ghazni (Turkestan & Afghanistan)

998 Sa OPPN PL Ta Sc

998 UR Pi

+

* BRITAIN: Edinburgh emerges as centre of Scotland's national unity

998 PL Peri 1Sc

998 PL Sc

+999

BYZANTIUM: last expedition against Egyptian Fatimids by Basileus II, Byz Emp (976-1025)

999 UR +tri PL Pi Sc

999 UR Pi

+

E EUROPE: Piast dynasty (to 1370) in Poland (consolidates territory and economy)

999 Sa OPPN PL Ta Sc

1000

S E AFRICA: gold-trading STATE OF ZIMBABWE (widespread trade & cultural influence)

1000 UR +tri PL Pi Sc

+

* ARTS: Great Age in painting, printing, technology, science and ceramics in China, Sung dynasty

+

* ASIA: Sultanate of Ghazni (Khorasan) flourishes in art, science, religion & trade

+

* S AMERICA: COLLAPSE OF TIAHUANACO & HUARI (possibly climatic change)

+

* C AMERICA: CLIMAX OF TOLTEC CIVILISATION, (NEW EMPIRE 1000-1450) in Yucatan, Mexico

+

* N AMERICA: Viking temp colony in Vinland (Newfoundland, Erik the Red)

+

* N AMERICA: beginning of migration of Thule Inuit from Bering Sea to Alaska & Greenland (1000-1200)

+

* SCANDNVA: Danes control Norway; Vikings colonise Iceland & Greenland (Christianity follows)

+

* EUROPE: ZENITH OF BYZANTINE and HOLY ROMAN EMPIRES

+

* EUROPE: widespread millenial fears of end of the world and the Last Judgement

+

* E EUROPE: Czechoslovakia (Bohemia & Moravia) united as a nation

+

* EURASIA: spiritual focus of Judaism & Kabbalah moves from Mesopotamia to Iberia

+

* ITALY: revival of Venice, Genoa & Pisa (after Saracen raids); cultural revival in Florence, Rome, Naples

+

* BRITAIN: Danegeld: tax on saxon English by Danes, until 1053; 'Beowulf', Anglo-Saxon heroic poem

+

* BENELUX: beginning of building of dykes and land-reclamation in Frisia, N Holland

+

HRE: German emperor Otto III makes Rome his home

1001

* BRITAIN: escalation of Danish pressures: Saxons murder Danish settlers (St Brice's Day)

1001 UR +tri PL Pi Sc

+

IBERIA: death of Al Mansur brings decline in the caliphate of Cordoba

1002

BYZANTIUM: Basil II defeats Bulgarians (staving off pressure on Constantinople) (& 1014)

1002 NE Cp

+

HRE: Henry II the Saint, HRE (1002-24) (bringing expansionism in Italy & Poland)

1003

BRITAIN: Danish army lands in England, under King Sweyn (retreats due to famine)

+

IRELAND: Brian Boruma unites Ireland (ends warring between clan dynasties, to 1014)

+

INDIA: Chola Rajaraja I invades Ceylon (Chola kingdom now mighty &wealthy)

1004

ITALY: HRE Henry II takes over Lombardy; Arabs sack Pisa (Italy in turmoil)

+

* E EUROPE: conflict between Polish unification of Slavs & German eastern expansion (1003-18)

1005

CHINA: Liao (Khitan) Mongols invade to Yellow River, granted tribute by Sung emperor

+

ISLAM: Al-Hakim seeks to force Shi'ism on Egypt & become deified (founding Druse sect)

1006

INDIA: Muslims begin settlement of NW India (prelude to Muslim Indian empires)

1006 UR Ar

+

CHINA: granaries established for emergency relief of peasants (by Sung emperor)

1007

BRITAIN: Ethelred the Unready (Saxon) pays large tribute to Danes to gain peace

1007 UR +sqt PL Ar Sc

+

RUSSIA: Vladimir I defends Russia against Pecheneg tribes (Asiatic Turkic)

1008

INDIA: Muslim MAHMUD OF GHAZNI defeats Hindus at Peshawar (expands into N India by 1025)

1008 UR +sqt PL Ar Sc

+

SCANDNVA: Sweden under Olaf Skotkonung (995-1022) converts to Christianity at Upsala

1009

MIDEAST: Muslims wreck the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem (stimulating Christian Crusades)

1009 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp

1009 PL Sg

+

HRE: first HR Imperial Diet of nobles under Henry II

1009 UR +sqt PL Ar Sc

1010

FRANCE: Robert II (996-1031) of France declares 'Peace of God' after incessant warring

1010 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp

1010 PL Sg

+

IBERIA: civil war of the Arabs (1008-28) (leads to dissolution of Umayyad Caliphate in Spain)

1010 UR +sqt PL Ar Sg

1011

BRITAIN: critical situation between Danes and Saxons under Ethelred the Unready, Saxons losing

1011 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp

+

1011 UR +sqt PL Ar Sg

1012

GERMANY: first persecution of heretics by Church

1012 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp

+

1013

BRITAIN: Danes overthrow Saxons, becoming rulers of England; Ethelred flees and returns

1013 UR Ta

+

1014

BYZANTIUM: Basil II brutally defeats Bulgarians (blinding thousands), gaining territory

1014 UR Ta

+

HRE: on second Italian campaign (see 1004) Henry II crowned HR Emperor in Rome by Pope

1015

IRELAND: Viking domination of Ireland ended at the Battle of Clontarf

1015 UR +qcx PL Ta Sg

1015 NE Aq

+

SCANDNVA: Olaf II the Saint (1015-30) gains Norwegian independence, nation becomes Christian

+

BRITAIN: Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde incorporated into Scotland

1016 Sa CONJ PL Sg Sg

1016 NE Aq

1016

BRITAIN: KNUT the GREAT, Danish King (1016-35) of England, Denmark and Norway (1028-35)

1016 NE on S Node

+

ITALY: Norman knights enter S Italy (to restore order & oppose Arab incursion)

1016 UR +qcx PL Ta Sg

1017

E EUROPE: downfall of first Bulgarian empire (part of Byzantium for 168 years)

1017 UR +qcx PL Ta Sg

+

1018

BRITAIN: union of Southern & Highland Scotland (highland clansof Alba join King Malcolm)

1018 UR +qcx PL Ta Sg

+

BRITAIN: Council of Oxford: Knut confirms Saxon laws of Eadgar (Danes settle into power in England)

+

* BYZANTIUM IN ASCENDANCY until 1185 (annexing Bulgaria & Macedonia, also gaining Armenia)

+

INDIA: Mohammed Mahmud of Ghazni sacks Kanauj (breaking Hindu power, harassing N India)

1019

C ASIA: Firdausi (939-1020, epic writer) & Al Buruni (973-1048, geographer) at work in Ghazni

1019 UR +qcx PL Ta Sg

+

1020

RUSSIA: Jaroslav the Wise of Kiev (1020-54) codifies laws, builds towns, schools, churches

1020 UR Ge

+

SCANDNVA: Faeroes, Shetlands & Orkneys take St Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway as king

1021

INDIA: Cholas invade Bengal (counter-balancing Islamic expansion)

1021 UR Ge

+

ITALY: third campaign of Holy Roman Emperor in Italy, flushing out Arabs & Byzantine Greeks

1022

EUROPE: Synod of Pavia insists on celibacy amongst higher clergy of RC Church

+

1023

INDIA: Mahmud of Ghazni destroys many centres in N India; Ghaznevids settle Punjab

1023 UR on N Node

+

1024

GERMANY: Konrad II K of Germany (1024-1039) – first HRE Salian (Franconian) emperor (1024-1125)

1024 UR +tri NE Ge Aq

1024 PL Cp

+

1025

SCANDNVA: rivalry between Knut of Denmark & St Olaf of Norway, in Sweden

1025 UR +tri NE Ge Aq

+

SE ASIA: Cholas from India raid Srivijaya (Sumatra) and Pegu (Burma)

1026

SCANDNVA: King Knut of Denmark & England goes on a pilgrimage to Rome

1026 UR +tri NE Ge Aq

+

ITALY: arrival of Norman mercenaries in S Italy (prelude to later Norman takeover 1047-90)

1027

HRE: Konrad II crowned HRE (1027-39) in Rome

1027 UR +tri NE Ge Aq

1027 UR Cn

+

CHINA: Song dynasty loses control of north China to the Ch'in (Jin)

1028

SCANDNVA: Knut conquers Norway (1028-30), slays St Olaf Haraldsson

1028 PL on S Node

1028 UR Cn

+

IBERIA: Sancho of Navarre invades Castile (growing of Spanish national forces against Muslims)

1028 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

1029

* W EUROPE: growth of the cult of the Virgin Mary in the Catholic church

1029 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

1029 NE Pi

+

1030

BYZANTIUM: Patriarch persecutes Syrian Monophysites (arousing enmity, helping Seljuk advances)

1030 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

1030 NE Pi

+

SE ASIA: Indian Chola influence extends overseas to Burma, Malaya, Srivijaya

1031

FRANCE: Henry I King of France (1031-1060)

1031 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

+

IBERIA: COLLAPSE of the CORDOBA CALIPHATE in Spain

1031 UR +sqt NE Cn Pi

1032

HRE: Burgundy and Poland absorbed into Holy Roman Empire by Konrad II

1032 Sa OPPN PL Cn Cp

+

1032 UR +sqt NE Cn Pi

1033

IBERIA: rise of Castile as ind non-Muslim kingdom; Ferdinand I King of Castile (1035-65)

1033 Sa OPPN PL Cn Cp

+

1033 UR +sqt NE Cn Pi

1034

BYZANTIUM: Viking (Varangian) mercenary fleets defeat Saracen pirates in E Med'n for Byzantium

1034 UR Le

+

1034 UR +sqt NE Cn Pi

1035

SCANDNVA: Knut dies; sons Harold, Hardiknut & Sweyn take over England, Denmark & Norway

+

* INDIA: Alberuni of Khiva (935-1048) scientist, translator (Afghan from Ghazni)

1036

+

1037

* IBERIA: Mulak al-Tawaif (petty dynasties founded in the wake of Cordoba caliphate, to 1086)

1037 UR +qcx NE Le Pi

+

ASIA: Seljuk Turks invade Khorasan (rebellion against Ghazni, Seljuk expansion out of Kazakhstan)

1038

C ASIA: Tibetan Tangut tribes form Hsi-Hsia (Xixia) Silk Road state in C Asia/NW China

1038 UR +qcx NE Le Pi

+

CHINA: major earthquake in Shansi (destroying a city, killing 23,000)

1039

BRITAIN: English hold on N Wales broken by Prince Gruffydd of Gwynedd

1039 UR +qcx NE Le Pi

+

GERMANY: Konrad II succeeded by Henry III King of Germany (1039-1056)

1039 UR -qcx PL Le Cp

+

JAPAN: monks invade Kyoto (leading to growing strength of samurai clans as support to gov't)

1040

BRITAIN: murder of King Duncan of Scotland by Macbeth, King of Scotland (1040-57)

1040 UR +qcx NE Le Pi

1040 UR Vi

+

E EUROPE: Bulgaria annexed by Byzantium after tax revolt led by Peter Delyan

1040 UR -qcx PL Le Cp

+

C ASIA: major earthquake in Tabriz, Persia, killing 50,000, levelling city

1041

ITALY: Lombards & Normans defeat Byzantine Greeks in S Italy (Normans conquer S Italy 1042-71)

1041 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq

1041 PL Aq

+

ROME: 'Pax Dei' declared (restricting fighting to Mondays-Wednesdays, to protect travellers)

1041 UR Vi

1042

C ASIA: RISE OF THE SELJUK TURKS as a threat to Asian stability (later to rule Abbasid Caliphate)

1042 NE Ar

+

BRITAIN: Edward the Confessor K of England (1042-1066) (last saxon Eng king, son of Ethelred)

1043

1043 NE Ar

+

1044

ITALY: Papal corruption: throne sold to Pope Gregory VI, papal election of Saxon 1046

1044 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq

+

ASIA: establishment of Buddhist Burmese nat'l state at Pagan under Anawrata (cultural growth)

1044 UR -sqt PL Vi Aq

1045

* CHINA: movable-type printing invented in China

1045 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq

+

C EUROPE: pagan uprising in ungary under Vatha (against Church & State)

1045 UR -sqt PL Vi Aq

1046

HRE: Henry III crowned emp in Rome; election of Saxon pope Clement II (against corruption)

1046 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq

1046 UR Li

+

ROME: Reform Papacy (1046-1075) (seeking chastity & end of simony – selling of titles & posts)

1046 UR -sqt PL Vi Aq

1047

FRANCE: William of Normandy (later king of England) takes control over rebellious nobility

1047 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq

1047 UR Li

+

ISLAM: holy cities Medina & Mecca withdraw support for Fatimids (Fatimid power wanes)

1048

* SE ASIA: unified Burmese state founded by king Anawrahta (1044-77), capital at temple-city of Pagan

1048 UR -tri PL Li Aq

+

1048 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq

1049

1049 UR OPPN NE Li Ar

+

1049 UR -tri PL Li Aq

1050

CHINA: 'History of China from 500BC-1000AD' by Ssu-ma-Kuang

1050 UR OPPN NE Li Ar

+

* ARTS: 'The Mabinogion', Welsh mythological verses

1050 UR -tri PL Li Aq

+

* BRITAIN: building of churches & cathedrals (eg Winchester, Westminster & Exeter)

+

N AFRICA: military dictatorship ruins economy & society in Egypt

+

* INNOVN: use of the Astrolabe spreads into Europe from Islamic countries & India

1051

JAPAN: civil war & rise of Minamoto clan as military power ('claws & teeth of Fujiwara clan')

1051 UR OPPN NE Li Ar

+

* N AMERICA: growth of large Anasazi ceremonial centres, Arizona

1051 Sa CONJ PL Aq Aq

1052

* N AMERICA: GROWTH OF TEMPLE-MOUND MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE (1050-1450)

1052 UR OPPN NE Li Ar

+

1053

ITALY: Norman Robert Guiscard establishes Norman empire in south Italy

1053 UR Sc

+

1054

FRANCE: Normans defeat Henry I of France, when he seeks to invade Normandy

+

* EUROPE: schism between Greek and Roman Churches (over conquests) becomes permanent

+

RUSSIA: Kievan state (lacking leadership) breaks up under pressure from nomad raiders

1055

MIDEAST: Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad; Tughril Beg becomes Sultan

+

1056

ITALY: beginning of proto-democratic Pataria movement in Milan

1056 NE Ta

+

N AFRICA: Almoravids (Moors) conquer north Africa and south Spain

1057

CHINA: earthquake kills 25,000 in Hopei province

1057 NE Ta

+

1058

C EUROPE: Hungarian independence recognised by HRE Henry III; Andrew I, K of Hungary (1047-60)

1058 UR -SQR PL Sc Aq

+

1059

ROME: Papal decree allows papal elections by cardinals only (excluding monarchs)

1059 UR -SQR PL Sc Aq

+

BYZANTIUM: Dukas dynasty (1059-78) (decline; Norman, Patzinak, Magyar & Seljuk pressures)

1060

1060 UR Sg

+

1061

ITALY: Normans conquer Messina (Sicily)

+

1062

* EUROPE: ending of the Viking age

1062 UR on S Node

1062 PL Pi

+

1063

BRITAIN: subduing of Wales by saxon English

1063 UR -qcx NE Sg Ta

1063 PL Pi

+

E EUROPE: HRE defeats Hungarians (early eastward moves of German influence)

1064

MIDEAST: Seljuk Turks conquer Armenia, under new leader Alp Arslan (1063-1072)

1064 UR -qcx NE Sg Ta

+

E EUROPE: Hungarians battle with Byzantium, taking Belgrade

1065

GERMANY: Henry IV (HRE 1053-1105) comes of age, regency since 1056 ending

1065 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi

+

BRITAIN: consecration of Westminster Abbey (one year before Norman invasion)

1065 UR -qcx NE Sg Ta

1066

BRITAIN: Harold II crowned June 1; defeats Danes in Yorkshire; killed at Hastings by Normans

1066 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi

+

BRITAIN: Bt of Hastings, NORMANS TAKE ENGLAND; William the Conqueror king (1066-87)

1066 HALLEY'S COMET

1067

1066 UR -qcx NE Sg Ta

1067 UR Cp

+

1068

CHINA: Shen Tsung, Emperor of China (1068-86, government & tax centralisation, reform & trade)

1068 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi

+

BRITAIN: uprisings in N England suppressed by Normans

+

JAPAN: Emperor Sanjo II overcomes Fujiwara power (decline of Fujiwara period)

1069

* EUROPE: RISE of NORMAN CULTURE (Fr, Eng, S It): Romanesque architecture, churches, castles

1069 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi

1069 NE Ge

+

BRITAIN: famine follows Norman invasion, 50,000 die (also 1073)

1070

MIDEAST: founding of the Order of St John in Palestine by merchants from Amalfi

1070 NE Ge

+

BRITAIN: uprising in East Anglia against Normans by Hereward the Wake, Saxon lord, defeated

1071

ITALY: Normans complete their conquest of Byzantine Italy (fatal years for Byzantium)

1071 UR -sqt NE Cp Ge

+

MIDEAST: Bt of Manzikert: SELJUK TURKS DEFEAT BYZANTIUM (Europe under threat)

1072

AFRICA: Islam crosses the Sahara, entering African culture (Ghana, Mali, Hausa, Kanem-Bornu, Air)

1072 UR -sqt NE Cp Ge

+

* W EUROPE: Peter Valdes, a merchant, founds the anti-clerical Waldensian sect (against Church laxity)

1073

EUROPE: election of Gregorius VII Pope (1073-85): conflict between Empire & Papacy begins

1073 UR -sqt NE Cp Ge

+

* MIDEAST: Seljuk Malik Shah (1073-1092) (patron of learning & culture in Baghdad)

1074

EUROPE: excommunication of all married priests; 1075 Dictatus Papae (on rights to world power)

1074 UR -ssq PL Cp Pi

1074 UR Aq

+

INDIA: powerful Chola line ends (by mutual assassination of both heirs)

1075

MIDEAST: Seljuk Turks invade Syria & Palestine (sparking Crusades)

1075 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi

1075 UR Aq

+

ROME: Gregorius VII decl right of dominion over kings and Holy Roman Emperor (Dictatus Papae)

1076

EUROPE: Pope Gregorius VII dethrones & excommunicates HRE Henry IV (Pope dominates HR Empire)

1076 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi

+

NW AFRICA: Almoravidsfrom Morocco destroy the African kingdom of Ghana

1077

HRE: HRE Henry IV repents before the Pope, and is absolved

1077 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi

+

SE ASIA: Sung China attempts to reconquer Annam (N Vietnam), fails

1078

INDIA: CHALUKYA-CHOLA DYNASTY (1074-1267), started by Rajendra at Kanchi & Vengi

1078 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi

+

INDIA: Vikramaditya VI of Kalyani (1075-1125) (security in Kashmir, Hindu & Buddhist temples)

1079

1079 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi

+

1079 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

1080

EUROPE: HRE deposed & excommunicated again (1080-85), Pope continuing to exercise dominion

1079 UR -ssx PL Aq Pi

+

1080 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

1081

BYZANTIUM: Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1081-1118); Comneni dynasty (1081-1185)

1080 UR -ssx PL Aq Pi

+

E EUROPE: Norman Robert Guiscard from S Italy invades the Balkans

1081 UR -tri NE Aq Ge

1082

C EUROPE: est of a Serbian state in Montenegro (1081-1101)

1082 NE Cn

+

1083

ITALY: Henry IV storms Rome to force Pope Gregorius VII into submission

1083 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi

1083 NE Cn

+

* IBERIA: 'Reconquista' (1085-1340) begins (as Spanish national feeling grows)

1084

MIDEAST: Seljuks take Antioch

1084 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi

+

ITALY: Robert Guiscard frees Pope from imprisonment by HRE

1085

CHINA: conservative forces revoke many earlier reforms of Shen Tsung

+

GERMANY: after much strife & friction, Henry IV declares 'Peace of God' in the Holy Roman Empire

1086

IBERIA: invading Almoravid (Berber) dynasty revives Islamic govt, beating Alfonso of Castile

+

BRITAIN: compilation of Domesday Book (national resources & tax assessment)

+

JAPAN: Emperor Shirikawa (1086-1129) (gov't reorganisation, dispowerment of samurai clans)

1087

BRITAIN-FRANCE: William I dies, succeeded by William II 'Rufus' in England, Robert in Normandy

+

GERMANY: Henry IV HRE delegates German crown to son, Konrad I, King of Germany (1087-1101)

1088

* E EUROPE: Patzinak Turks settle in Eastern Europe

1088 PL Ar

+

1089

1089 PL Ar

+

1089 UR Ar

1090

INNOVN: first water-driven mechanical clock built in Beijing, China

1090 UR CONJ PL Ar Ar

1090 PL Ar

+

MIDEAST: rise of Ismailian fraternity of Assassins (Hashishiyun, masters of forts in N Persia & N Syria)

1090 UR Ar

1091

+

1092

BRITAIN: Norman William II conquers Celtic Cumbria

+

1093

BRITAIN: Scots attempt to invade England, failing against Norman William II

+

* EUROPE: concepts of Pilgrimage to Holy Land, and Holy War against Heathens gain strength

1094

IBERIA: El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz, Spanish folk hero) takes Valencia from Almoravids

+

1095

MIDEAST: Seljuk power breaks down into family states

+

MIDEAST: five popular mass crusades break down in pillage and innocent defeat

1096

MIDEAST: FIRST CRUSADE: Franks invade Anatolia & Syria (1096-9), founding Crusader states

1096 UR -SQR NE Ar Cn

1096 NE Le

+

* EUROPE: first persecutions of Jews (1096-1215) following Crusading mania in Europe

1097

* ISLAM: Crusaders create reaction in Islam; strife between Sunnis & Shi'ites over Jerusalem

1097 UR -SQR NE Ar Cn

1097 NE Le

+

INNOVN: monastic movement strengthened by creation of first Cistercian monastery at Citeaux

1097 NE on N Node

1097 UR Ta

1098

BRITAIN: Orkneys, Hebrides & Isle of Man taken by Magnus III King of Norway

1098 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

1098 UR Ta

+

MIDEAST: Byzantium at war with Norman Crusaders over Antioch (1098-1108); plague in Palestine

1098 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar

1099

MIDEAST: CRUSADERS TAKE JERUSALEM bloodily; Muslims defeated

1099 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

+

1100

* W EUROPE: first universities founded in Europe: Salerno, Bologna, Paris

1100 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

+

1100 UR +ssx PL Ta Ar

1101

CHINA: Sung Hui Tsung (1101-25) reintroduces reforms of Shen Tsung (sponsors painting schools)

1101 NE +tri PL Le Ar

+

BRITAIN: Robert of Normandy attempts to invade England; paid off by Henry I (1100-1135)

1102

C EUROPE: Croatia joins Hungary (growing western orientation, dividing Serbs)

1102 NE +tri PL Le Ar

+

1103

W EUROPE: Norwegians attempt to invade Ireland; King Magnus III of Norway killed

1103 NE +tri PL Le Ar

+

GERMANY: Pacification of Mainz, Jews given HRE protection (being unable to bear arms)

1104

MIDEAST: Crusaders take Acre

1104 NE +tri PL Le Ar

1104 UR Ge

+

1104 UR +ssq PL Ge Ar

1105

* GERMANY: beginning of colonisation of forested unpop'd E Germany & Poland by German peoples

1105 NE +tri PL Le Ar

1105 UR Ge

+

1105 UR +ssq PL Ge Ar

1106

HRE: Henry IV dies, succeeded by Henry V HRE (1106-1125) (the last of the Salic line)

1106 UR on N Node

+

1107

+

1108

FRANCE: Louis VI the Fat, K of France (1108-37) (growing sense of French national feeling)

+

1109

1109 NE Vi

+

1110

? MIDEAST: Omar Khayyam (poet & mathematician) composes Rubaiyyat, works on cubic equations

1110 NE Vi

+

SE EUROPE: Basil, leader of the Manichean Balkan Bogomils, martyred in Constantinople as a heretic

1111

HRE: Henry V, crowned H R Emp in Rome, excommunicated 1112 (papal-imperial schism continues)

1111 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi

1111 NE Vi

+

1111 UR Cn

1112

1112 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi

1112 UR Cn

+

1113

MIDEAST: founding of the Knights Hospitallers (Knights of St John) in Jerusalem

1113 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi

+

1113 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar

1114

CHINA: Tungus tribes overthrow Khitans in Manchuria (1114-1236) & Liao lands in N China

1114 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar

+

MIDEAST: earthquakes severely damage Antioch, Jerusalem, Aleppo and other cities, 1000s killed

1115

BYZANTIUM: peak of war with Seljuks, who threaten Constantinople, beaten back to Ankara

1115 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar

+

ITALY: Florence becomes an independent republic; EUROPE: deadly winter, harvests hit

1115 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar

1116

1116 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar

+

1116 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar

1117

1117 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar

1117 UR Le

+

1117 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar

1118

BYZANTIUM: John II Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1118-1143)

1118 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar

1118 UR Le

+

MIDEAST: official founding of the Order of the Knights Templar, Jerusalem, with papal sanction

1118 UR -ssq NE Le Vi

1118 PL Ta

1119

ITALY: founding of Bologna university

1119 UR -ssq NE Le Vi

1119 PL Ta

+

1120

BYZANTIUM: empire threatened (again) by Seljuks (Anatolia) & Patzinaks (Rumania); both beaten

1120 PL Ta

+

W EUROPE: friction between England & France ended by peace treaty (first of many wars)

1121

* EUROPE: ZENITH of the MEDIEVAL SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY (seeding universities & learning)

+

1122

CHINA: Tungus prince declares himself founding emperor of Chin; overcomes Hui Tsung & court

1122 PL Aphn 2Ta

+

GERMANY: Wurzburg Diet of German princes makes peace between Holy Roman Emperor & Pope

1123

E EUROPE: BYZANTINE REVIVAL – defeat of Patzinak Turks (Bulgaria), rebellious Serbs & Hungarians

1123 NE Li

+

BRITAIN: founding of St Bartholomew's hospital, London

1124

BRITAIN: Geoffrey of Monmouth revives memory of Ancient British church in Glastonbury abbey

1124 UR -ssx NE Le Vi

1124 NE Li

+

* MED'N: Mediterranean trade now dominated by Italian ports (previously Islamic domination)

1125 UR +tri PL Vi Ta

1124 UR Vi

1125

E EUROPE: renewal of German eastward expansion under Lothar III K of Germany (1125-37)

1125 UR -ssx NE Vi Li

+

N AFRICA: Almohades conquer Berber Morocco

1125 NE +qcx PL Li Ta

1126

CHINA: CHIN DYNASTY overruns northern China; Sung dynasty rule restricted to south China

1126 UR +tri PL Vi Ta

+

SCANDNVA: end of struggles (1028-1126) between Goths (Gothenburg) & Sveas (Upsala) in Sweden

1126 NE +qcx PL Li Ta

1127

* MIDEAST: Zangi, Emir of Mosul, unites the scattered emirates of Syria (1127-46)

1127 NE +qcx PL Li Ta

+

1128

ROME: Pope recognises the Order of Templars

1128 NE +qcx PL Li Ta

+

IBERIA: Portugal becomes independent of Christian kgdm of Leon

1129

JAPAN: Emperor Toba (1129-56) (last stable government until 1185)

1129 NE +qcx PL Li Ta

+

1129 UR +sqt PL Vi Ta

1130

ASIA: Khitans migrate to Turkestan, founding Kara-Khitai state (1141-1211)

1130 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta

1130 UR Li

+

MIDEAST: Order of St John in Palestine becomes militarised

1130 UR +sqt PL Vi Ta

1131

* EUROPE: Manichaeism (Good-Evil) enters Europe from Byzantium (Cologne, Cambrai, Toulouse)

1131 UR Li

+

1132

* FRANCE: Henry I grants urban charters, supporting artisans & merchants & urban growth

+

1133

HRE: Lothar III crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome

1133 UR +qcx PL Li Ta

+

* RUSSIA: rise of Moscow as leading Russian principality

1134

HRE: Lothar III reorganises Holy Roman Empire, gaining submission from Denmark & Poland

1134 UR +qcx PL Li Ta

+

1135

ISLAM: Almohads growing in influence in NW Africa and Muslim Iberia

+

1136

1136 UR CONJ NE Li Li

1136 UR Sc

+

1137

BRITAIN: Owain the Great, Prince of N Wales (1137-1170) (resister of Norman dominion in Wales)

1137 UR Sc

+

ITALY: earthquake & eruption of Mt Etna kill 15,000, also in 1169

1137 NE Sc

1138

GERMANY: Konrad III elected King of Germany (1138-1152) (first of Hohenstaufen line)

1138 NE Sc

+

BRITAIN: Scots attempt to invade England, defeated at the Battle of the Standards

1139

FRANCE (& Persia): appearance of one who claims to be a Messiah

+

BRITAIN: civil war in England, on arrival in Sussex of Matilda (claimant to throne)

1140

GERMANY: Bavaria taken by Austria (prelude to later Austrian empire)

+

C EUROPE: Vladislav II of Bohemia (1140-73) (est of towns, bourgeoisie, trades, succession)

1141

CHINA: treaty between Chin & Sung divides China (dictated by economic exhaustion)

1141 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

BRITAIN: rival claimant to English throne, Matilda, crowned at Winchester; civil war continues

1142

EUROPE: Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela travels to India

1142 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

1143

INDIA: Kumarapala, ruler of Chalukya (1143-72), (Jain culture, reformer, patron of learning)

1143 UR Sg

+

IBERIA: independence of Portugal under Alfonso Enriques recognised by Pope & kgdm of Castile

+

BYZANTIUM: Manuel I Comnenus Byz Emperor (1143-1180) (idealist & soldier, empire at a zenith)

1144

MIDEAST: Seljuk Turks take Christian centre of Edessa

1144 UR Sg

+

ITALY: republican gov't in Rome under Arnold of Brescia

1145

IBERIA: Berber Almohades conquer parts of Spain, Algeria (1152) & Tunis (1158)

1145 HALLEY'S COMET

+

INNOVN: first major Danube bridge at Ratisbon opened

1146

MIDEAST: Nureddin, Seljuk Sultan of Syria (1146-1174) (major opponent to Crusaders)

1146 UR on S Node

+

* N EUROPE: German traders est econ trading sphere in Baltic (seed of Hansa League)

1147

E EUROPE: Second Crusade plunders Balkans, fights Greeks (Byzantine diplomacy, Seljuk victory)

1147 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta

+

BRITAIN: civil war ends, Matilda leaves England; Monmouth's 'History of the Kings of Britain'

1148

BYZANTIUM: attempts to cultivate Venetian trade & alliance go wrong (alienating Venice)

+

* EUROPE: rise of larger European trade fairs (Pavia, Lille, St Ives, Troyes, Douai etc)

1149

EUROPE: Crusaders discredited in Europe after petty rivalries & dramas in East

+

SCANDNVA: Erik the Saint, King of Sweden (1150-1160)

1150

* AFRICA: beginning of Yoruba city-states in Nigeria

1150 UR +ssx NE Sg Sc

1150 PL Ge

+

* SE ASIA: Angkor Wat temple-city built in Buddhist-ruled Hindu Cambodia

1150 UR -qcx PL Sg Ta

1151 UR Cp

1151

C ASIA: destruction of sultanate of Ghazni by the Sultan of Khorasan, Al-Auddin Husain

1151 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

1151 PL Ge

+

AMERICAS: decline of Toltec culture in Mexico (becomes seed of Aztec culture)

1151 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge

1151 NE Sg

1152

GERMANY: Frederick I Barbarossa, King of Germany (1152-1190) (by election)

1152 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge

1152 PL Ge

+

* AMERICAS: MANCO CAPAC, first GREAT INCA, establishes INCA CULTURE at Cuzco, Peru

1152 NE Sg