1151

C ASIA: destruction of sultanate of Ghazni by the Sultan of Khorasan, Al-Auddin Husain

1151 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

1151 PL Ge

+

AMERICAS: decline of Toltec culture in Mexico (becomes seed of Aztec culture)

1151 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge

1151 NE Sg

1152

GERMANY: Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany (1152-1190) (by election)

1152 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge

1152 PL Ge

+

* AMERICAS: MANCO CAPAC, first GREAT INCA, establishes INCA CULTURE at Cuzco, Peru

1152 NE Sg

1153

* SE ASIA: zenith of Buddhist culture in Burma

1153 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge

+

* W EUROPE: Troubadours in S France (new dance, music & freethinking emerge all over Europe)

1154

W EUROPE: accession of Plantagenet Henry II of Anjou (1154-89) (Angevin empire in England & France)

1154 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge

+

FRANCE: Chartres Cathedral begun (heralding the spread of Gothic architecture in Europe)

1155

BRITAIN: Thomas a Becket becomes chancellor to Henry II (Plantagenet dynasty lasts until 1485)

1155 UR -sqt PL Cp Ge

+

BRITAIN: Pope Hadrian IV gives Henry II of England rule over Ireland (Henry centralises power)

1156

JAPAN: civil war between rival claimants to power, (splitting Taira Clan & Minamoto Clan)

1156 UR -sqt PL Cp Ge

+

GERMANY: creation of Austria by Barbarossa (to counter Welf Bavarian power)

1157

SCANDNVA: Erik the Saint of Sweden conquers Finland (begins long dominance of Finland by Sweden)

1157 UR +ssq NE Cp Sg

+

SCANDNVA: Waldemar I the Great, K of Denmark (1157-82) (rise of Denmark to major power status)

1158

* EUROPE: rise of the Craft Guilds in European cities

1158 UR +ssq NE Aq Sg

1158 UR Aq

+

MIDEAST: earthquakes destroy many towns in Syria, killing 20,000

1159

ROME: Pope Alexander III (1159-1181) (strong, stable, traditionalist Pope)

1159 UR +ssq NE Aq Sg

+

ASIA: Sultan of Khorasan pushes Ghazni empire south out of Turkestan

1160

* ARTS: European vernacular verse developing (Song of Roland, El Cid, Parzival, Trystan)

1160 UR -tri PL Aq Ge

+

N AFRICA: Normans expelled by Almohades in Tunisia (retreating to Italy)

+

JAPAN: civil war, then Taira clan dominance under Kiyomori (1160-81)

1161

N EUROPE: first German Hansa trading ports at Wisby, Gotland & Luebeck, in Baltic Sea

1161 UR -tri PL Aq Ge

+

INNOVN: explosives first used in China (by Sung armies against Chin/Jurchen Tungus tribes)

1162

BRITAIN: Thomas a Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury

1162 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge

+

HRE: Frederick Barbarossa campaigns in Italy, destroying Milan

1163

BRITAIN: friction between Henry II & Thomas a Becket; Becket leaves for France 1164

1163 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge

+

EURASIA: Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visits Persia, C Asia & China (small effect in Europe)

1164

E EUROPE: Kuman tribes invade Bulgaria

+

1165

E EUROPE: Byzantium expands into Balkans, interferes in Hungary; alliance with Venice against HRE

1165 UR +sxt NE Aq Sg

1165 NE Cp

+

1166

1166 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp

1166 UR Pi

+

1166 NE Cp

1167

HRE: Frederick I Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome

1167 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp

+

BRITAIN: Oxford university founded

1168

RUSSIA: coup d'etat in Kiev by Bogolubsky

+

* IRELAND: Norman lordly families move to Ireland by invitation to help restore order after clan wars

1169

* C EUROPE: eastward move of German traders (est of towns, trade, roads, agriculture)

+

C AMERICA: FALL OF THE TOLTEC STATE – sack of Tula, Toltec capital

1170

* SE ASIA: SRIVIJAYA KINGDOM in JAVA reaches its height under Shailendra dynasty

1170 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge

+

BYZANTIUM: Manuel I detains all Venetian traders; trade privileges renewed 1176

+

BRITAIN: Thomas a Becket & Henry II reconciled, yet Becket murdered by Norman fundamentalists

1171

ISLAM: Kurdish Saladin conquers Egypt, usurps Fatimids, for Zangids in Damascus (ends Islamic disunity)

1171 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge

+

MIDEAST: Saladin founds Ayyubid dynasty (1171-1250) in Egypt

+

IRELAND: Norman Henry II asserts supremacy over a chaotic Ireland (beginning English rule)

1172

ITALY: constitutional reform in Venice (restricting power of Doges)

1172 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge

+

1173 UR Ar

1173

FRANCE: beginning of Waldensian movement at Lyons, Burgundy (poverty, evangelical purity)

+

1174

HRE: Frederick Barbarossa buys Sardinia, Corsica, Tuscany & Spoleto (Italy) (HRE expansionism)

1174 UR Ar

+

1175

INDIA: MUHAMMED OF GHAZNI founds first MUSLIM EMPIRE in INDIA (to become Delhi Sultanate)

+

1176

ITALY: Frederick Barbarossa defeated by the Lombard League (supporting Pope Alexander)

+

MIDEAST: Saladin conquers Syria

1177

* E EUROPE: order & prosperity in Hungary under Ladislas I King of Hungary (1077-1095)

1177 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge

+

EUROPE: peace treaties between England & France, and HRE and Pope

1178

FRANCE: Frederick Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy; le Pont d'Avignon opened

1178 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge

+

1179

1179 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge

1179 NE Aq

+

1179 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge

1179 PL Cn

1180

* SE ASIA: Buddhist ANGKOR at greatest extent and development in Cambodia

1180 NE on S Node

1180 PL Cn

+

BRITAIN: Ranulf de Glanville reforms England's judicial system

1180 NE -qcx PL Aq Cn

1181

1181 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn

1181 UR Ta

+

1181 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

1182

FRANCE: Jews banished from France; most head for Germany (growth of German Jewish community)

1181 NE -qcx PL Aq Cn

+

1182 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

1183

BYZANTIUM: purges & attempted reforms in empire & court by Andronicus I; revolt of nobility

1182 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn

+

HRE: Peace of Konstanz, Lombard League submits to overlordship of HRE

1183 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

1184

GERMANY: Diet of Mainz, zenith of Frederick Barbarossa's power as Holy Roman Emperor

1184 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

+

ROME: Pope declares dissenting Christian groups heretical (Cathari, Albigensians, Waldensians)

+

MED'N: Cyprus becomes independent of Byzantium

1185

JAPAN: Minamoto & Taira clans battle for Shogunate at Danno-ura; Minamoto dominance until 1333

+

BYZANTIUM: revolt in Bulgaria (devast'n, killing of Greeks); brothers Asen est Bulgarian state

1186

C ASIA: Mohammed of Ghor destroys the empire of Ghazni (999-1186)

1186 UR -ssq PL Ta Cn

+

1187

MIDEAST: SALADIN RETAKES JERUSALEM – fall of Crusaders (call in Europe for new crusade)

1187 PL on N Node

+

INDIA: Punjab falls to turkic Afghan Muizzuddin Mohammed of Khorasan; Rajputs fall

1187 UR -ssq PL Ta Cn

1188

MIDEAST: Saladin destroys Crusader kingdoms in Syria & Palestine

1188 UR Ge

+

* EUROPE: first building of larger European naval fleets (ie Venice, Genoa)

1189

BYZANTIUM: Third Crusade (inconclusive; Germans & Byzantines avoid clash; last great crusade)

1189 UR Ge

+

BRITAIN: Richard I Coeur de Lion, King of England (1189-99); massacre of Jews in England

1190

ASIA: Temujin creates a Mongol confederacy & military power (becomes Genghiz Khan in 1206)

1190 UR on N Node

+

MIDEAST: foundation of Teutonic Knights, in Acre; INDIA; Muin ud-Din Chishti brings Sufism to India

+

GERMANY: death by drowning of Frederick I Barbarossa; Hohenstaufen line (1190-1268) begins

1191

MED'N: Richard Coeur de Lion conquers Cyprus, selling it to Knights Templars

1191 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn

+

INDIA: Mohammed of Ghor overcomes the Indian Rajputs (landed princes)

1192

* AMERICAS: ZENITH of SECOND ERA of TOLTEC CIVILISATION in Yucatan, Mexico

1192 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn

+

JAPAN: KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE (1192-1333); dual rule of Kyoto emperor & Minamoto Shoguns

+

(feudal power, overseas trade, more justice, militarism, economic changes); Shogun Yoritomo (1185-99)

+

C EUROPE: Richard Couer de Lion captured by Duke of Austria (expansion of Austrian influence)

1193

JAPAN: Zen Buddhist order founded (becoming core of Samurai spartan military cult)

1193 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn

1193 NE Pi

+

MIDEAST: death of Saladin the Saracen (taunter of Crusaders, ending Arab threat to Byzantium)

1194

BRITAIN: on release from captivity, Richard I Coeur de Lion re-crowned King of England

1194 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn

+

SCANDNVA: the 'Elder Edda' chronicle of Scandinavian pagan mythology

+

CHINA: Yellow River changes course (to south of Shantung, until 1853, flooding disaster)

1195

INDIA: Mohammed of Ghor takes Delhi 1193, Bihar 1197, Bengal 1199

1195 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn

+

1196

* N AMERICA: construction of temple mounds at Moundville, Alabama

1196 UR +tri NE Cn Pi

1195 UR Cn

+

1196 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn

1197

GERMANY: civil war in Germany (1197-1214)

1196 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn

+

1197 UR +tri NE Cn Pi

1198

ROME: Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) elected (high point in history of Papacy)

1197 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn

+

* S AMERICA: rise of Chimu empire – Chimu conquer coastal valleys of Peru

1198 UR +tri NE Cn Pi

1199

BRITAIN: founding of Liverpool (to become world's greatest port by 1850)

+

GERMANY: German princes confirm their right to elect German king, at Diet of Speyer

1200

* W AFRICA: RISE OF EMPIRE OF MALI (Niger, gold-trading) and HAUSA CITY-STATES (Nigeria)

+

* C AMERICA: Aztecs occupy the Valley of Mexico (prelude to becoming dominant nation)

+

BRITAIN: Cambridge university founded

1201

* IDEAS: development of Jewish Qabbalistic philosophy in Spain

1201 UR CONJ PL Cn Cn

1201 UR Le

+

E EUROPE: Teutonic Knights (Brethren of the Sword) found Riga, begin colonisation of Estonia

1201 PL Le

1202

EUROPE: Fourth Crusade, alliance of Franks & Venetians (starts badly, turns against Byzantium)

1202 UR +sqt NE Le Pi

1202 UR Le

+

* N AFRICA: Saharan state of Kanem-Bornu at zenith of development

1202 PL Le

1203

SCANDNVA: Snorri Sturlasson (1178-1241), historian & saga writer in Iceland, at work

1203 UR +sqt NE Le Pi

1203 PL Le

+

C ASIA: Genghiz Khan defeats his rival, Ongkan (prelude to dramatic Mongol expansion)

1204

BYZANTIUM: Crusaders take Byzantium, found Latin Empire (1204-61, Greece, Bosporus, Antioch)

1204 UR +sqt NE Le Pi

+

INDIA: Mohammed of Ghor completes conquest of N India

1205

E EUROPE: clashes between Bulgars (with Kumans) and Frankish crusaders around Byzantium

1205 UR +sqt NE Le Pi

+

BENELUX: founding of Amsterdam

1206

ASIA: Genghiz Khan unites Mongol tribes, begins the conquest of Eurasia (Hsia-Hsia kingdom falls)

1206 NE Ar

+

INDIA: SULTANATE OF DELHI FOUNDED after death of Mohammed of Ghor, by slave general Aibak

1207

E EUROPE: Bulgars overrun Thrace & Macedonia (exterminating many Greeks)

1207 NE Ar

+

* PACIFIC OCEAN: development of early Polynesian island chiefdom-states

1207 UR Vi

1208

FRANCE: Crusade against the anti-clerical Albigensians (Manichaean Cathars) in SW France (until 1213)

1208 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

1208 UR Vi

+

MIDEAST: Theodore Lascaris creates empire of Nicaea out of Byzantine territories in W Anatolia

1209

BRITAIN: John, King of England (1199-1216) invades Scotland, is excommunicated by Pope

1209 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

+

HRE: Otto IV crowned HRE in Rome; excommunicated 1210 by Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)

1210

IDEAS: the ministry of St Francis of Assisi; reform rules of Franciscan brotherhood issued

1210 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

+

SCANDNVA: under Waldemar II the Conqueror (1202-41) Denmark gains Norway, Estonia, Courland

1211

C ASIA: EARLY CONQUESTS of GENGHIZ KHAN; N China invaded (1211-15, breaching Great Wall)

1211 Sa CONJ PL Le Le

+

1211 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

1212

IBERIA: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (Christians break Muslim power in much of Iberia)

1211 UR +ssx PL Vi Le

+

EUROPE: Children's Crusade (fails, children land up sold into slavery in Saracen Egypt)

1212 Sa CONJ PL Le Le

+

MED'N: expansive Venice conquers Crete (strategic Mediterranean base)

1213

IBERIA: Jaime I K of Aragon (1213-76) (strengthens Aragon, takes Balearic Isles, fights Islam)

+

BRITAIN: King John submits to Pope Innocent III (England & Ireland become papal fiefs)

1214

BRITAIN: Council of St Albans (precursor to English Parliament)

1214 NE -tri PL Ar Le

1214 UR Li

+

W EUROPE: Philip II of France (1180-1223) defeats both Germany & England at Battle of Bouvines

1215

BRITAIN: KING JOHN SIGNS MAGNA CARTA (permitting aristocratic oligarchy in England)

1215 NE -tri PL Ar Le

+

* INDIA: Islamic architecture & culture enter India (Sultanate of Delhi) ; Indian Buddhism gradually dies out

1216

BRITAIN: Henry III (1216-72); attempted French invasion, defeated 1217 at Lincoln & Sandwich

1216 NE -tri PL Ar Le

+

CHINA: Beijing falls to Genghiz Khan

1216 UR +ssq PL Li Le

1217

N AFRICA: failure of Christian Crusade against Sultanate of Egypt

1217 NE -tri PL Ar Le

+

C ASIA: Genghiz Khan vanquishes Kara-Khitai empire in Siberia

1217 UR +ssq PL Li Le

1218

MIDEAST: Fifth Crusade (1218-21) (disorganised and inconclusive)

1218 NE -tri PL Ar Le

1218 PL Vi

+

PERSIA: Mongols under Genghiz Khan conquer Persia (Khwarizm dominated)

1219

JAPAN: Hojo period; Hojo clan dominate Kyoto regency (efficient administration & justice)

1219 NE -tri PL Ar Le

1219 PL Vi

+

C ASIA: Bokhara, Samarkand & Khorasan taken by the Mongols

1219 NE Ta

1220

* SE ASIA: emergence of the first Thai kingdom of Siam

1220 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1220 NE Ta

+

EUROPE: Henry III K of Eng (1216-72); Frederick II HRE (1220-50); son Henry K of Ger (1220-35)

1220 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

1220 PL Vi

+

RUSSIA: Mongols advance into Russia & Ukraine (1220-23)

1221

C EUROPE: Vienna becomes a city (to become great capital of Austrian empire)

1221 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1220 UR Sc

+

EUROPE: Pope surrenders 'Regalia' (markets, coinage, customs, legal autonomy) to HRE princes

1221 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

1221 UR Sc

+

C AMERICA: end of Toltecs in Chichen Itza – conquest by Mayapan Mayans

1222

E EUROPE: powers & feudal privileges of nobility increase in Hungary (Golden Bull)

1222 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

GERMANY: Common Law, landowning & feudal laws recorded by von Repkow in 'Sachsenspiegel'

1222 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

1223

E EUROPE: Mongols beat Russians & Kumans, but retire to C Asia until 1237 (overextended)

1222 HALLEY'S COMET

+

C EUROPE: Andreas II of Hungary (1205-35) (creates laws, rights, protection & nat'l assembly)

1223 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1224

W EUROPE: war between England & France (1224-27); ends in truce

1223 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

+

GERMANY: Henry VII of Germany declares Public Peace at Wurzburg

1223 UR +sxt PL Sc Vi

+

* ROME: gradual decline in power of Papacy, and resurgence of secular forces in HRE

1224 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1225

* E EUROPE: German colonisation of towns & lands in E Europe reaching peak (slowing by 1300)

1225 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

ITALY: HRE reorganisation of S Italy (admin, taxation, law codification, 1221-31)

1226

E EUROPE: Teutonic Knights commissioned by Polish dukes to conquer & convert pagan Prussia

1226 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

* ASIA: Mongol invasions close Silk Roads, Eurasian traffic moves to Arabian sea lanes

1227

C ASIA: Genghiz Khan dies (warrior & administrator); Mongol emp div in four, capital Karakorum

1227 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1227 UR Sg

+

SCANDNVA: Bt of Bornhoeved, Danish Waldemar II loses all terr gains (Baltic trade grows)

1228

N AFRICA: Hafsid dynasty established in Tunisia

1228 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1228 UR Sg

+

MIDEAST: Sixth Crusade gains key areas in Palestine until 1244

1229

JAPAN: monk Dogen introduces Soto Zen Buddhism from China

1229 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

MIDEAST: HRE Frederick II crowned King of Jerusalem (makes treaty with Sultan of Egypt)

1230

HRE: Pope and Emperor resolve differences, Frederick II absolved as result of crusade

1230 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

C EUROPE: Wenceslas I, (Good) King of Bohemia (1230-53); EUROPE: leprosy imported by Crusaders

1230 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi

+

IBERIA: union of kgdms of Castile and Leon (early formation of Spain)

1230 UR on S Node

1231

GERMANY: founding of Berlin; alliance of Hamburg & Luebeck (birth of Hansa League)

1231 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

1231 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi

1232 PL Li

1232

ASIA: Ugudei Khan completes conquest & organisation of N China, Samarkand & Persia

1232 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

+

INDIA: Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Sultan of Delhi (1211-36) (intros Islamic architecture & culture)

1233

BRITAIN: rebellion in S Wales behind Earl of Pembroke

1233 NE -tri PL Ta Vi

1233 PL Li

+

EUROPE: Pope gives Dominican Order the task of carrying out Inquisition against heretics

1233 NE Ge

1234

CHINA: Mongols annex the Ch'in empire in N China, entering capital, Kaifeng

1234 NE -tri PL Ge Li

1234 NE Ge

+

INNOVN: earliest use of cast metal movable type for printing books, Korea

1234 UR Cp

1235

GERMANY: Public Peace of Mainz (germanisation and reorganisation of HRE law)

1235 NE -tri PL Ge Li

+

INDIA: Delhi Sultanate expands to stretch from Sind to Bengal

1235 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge

+

BRITAIN: plague & famine in England (20,000 die in London alone)

1236

E EUROPE: Mongols of Subutei & Batu conq Russia (1236-9); Kiev & Moscow fall, Novgorod tribute

1236 NE -tri PL Ge Li

+

RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky, Grand Duke of Novgorod (1236-63)

1236 UR +SQR PL Cp Li

+

IBERIA: Arabs lose great city of Cordoba to Castile (tips balance of power in Spain)

1236 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge

1237

CHINA: Mongols secure 4030 scholar mandarins for civilian administration in China

1237 UR +SQR PL Cp Li

+

HRE: Jews designated as servants of HRE (to give them protection and guarantee Imp solvency)

1237 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge

1238

W AFRICA: ascendancy of Mali, led by Sundiata Keita (gold wealth, trans-Saharan trade)

1238 UR +SQR PL Cp Li

+

N AMERICA: ZENITH OF MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE (riverine trading temple-cities, Mississippi)

1239 UR +SQR PL Cp Li

1239

RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky beats attacking Swedes at Neva (Russian national growth)

1239 UR +SQR PL Cp Li

+

1240

BRITAIN: clear border & peace agreed between England & Scotland

+

MIDEAST: private, unsupported crusade of Simon de Montfort & Richard of Cornwall to Haifa

1241

C EUROPE: Bt of Liegnitz, MONGOLS INVADE CENTRAL EUROPE -- Poland, Hungary and Bohemia

+

E EUROPE: Europe saved from Mongol invasion by death of Ogedei Khan; Mongols retreat

1242

RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky of Novgorod defeats attacking German & Lithuanian Teutonic Knights

1242 UR Aq

+

RUSSIA: Mongol Batu Khan establishes Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) in Ukraine (threatening Russia)

1243

C EUROPE: collapse of Hungary (after Mongols) & friction with Bohemia; Arpad line dies 1301

1243 UR -sqt NE Aq Ge

1243 PL Sc

+

1244

MIDEAST: Jerusalem lost by Christians (to Egyptians, for last time until 1917)

1244 UR -sqt NE Aq Ge

1244 PL Sc

+

MIDEAST: Mongols beat Seljuks at Erzinjan in Anatolia (ravaging Mesopotamia, Armenia, Georgia)

1245

HRE: emperor Frederick II deposed by Council of Lyons; 1246 seizes Austria & Styria, dies 1250

1245 UR -sqt NE Aq Ge

+

EURASIA: travels of John of Pian to Mongolia (to build Euro-Mongol alliance against Islam)

1246

SE ASIA: downfall of Buddhist kgdm of Haripunjaya (Siam), overrun by migrating Shan peoples

1246 PL Peri 4Sc

1246 NE Cn

+

1246 UR -sqt NE Aq Cn

1247

* IDEAS: Roger Bacon (1214-94), philosopher, at work (stresses experimentation & experience)

1247 NE Cn

+

W AFRICA: founding of kingdom of Benin (Nigeria, artistic flowering)

1248

MIDEAST: Seventh Crusade (1248-54) fails in Egypt; Louis IX of France ransomed

1248 Sa CONJ PL Sc Sc

+

MED'N: expansive trading Genoa (rival to Venice) conquers Rhodos

1249

ITALY: growing commercial rivalry leads to long war between Venice & Genoa (1253-99)

1249 UR Pi

+

W AFRICA: Malinke becomes the dominant gold-trading state of W Africa

1250

HRE: collapse of imperial power in Germany and Italy, on death of Emp Frederick II

1250 UR Pi

+

SCANDNVA: Folkunga Birger Jarl, K of Sweden (1250-66) (builds towns, ests trade, laws & gov't)

1251

IBERIA: nascent Portugal (not yet a state) conquers Algarve

+

ASIA: Mongka, Great Khan (1251-9, son of a Nestorian); Kublai Khan governor of N China

1252

IBERIA: Castile becomes strong under Alfonso X the Wise (1252-84) (growth of towns & learning)

1252 UR -tri NE Pi Cn

+

EUROPE: the Inquisition begins to use torture (Christian intolerance growing)

+

CHINA: Mongol conquest of Song China (south China) starts (Kublai Khan)

1253

E EUROPE: Ottokar II K of Bohemia (1253-1278) (expansion & prosperity, 60 German towns est'd)

1253 UR -tri NE Pi Cn

+

INNOVN: linen first made in England; EURASIA: travels of William of Rubruck to Mongolia

1254

FRANCE: founding of Paris School of Theology (later the Sorbonne)

1254 UR -tri NE Pi Cn

+

HRE: decline of Hohenstaufen line (loss of power in Italy & France, political chaos in Germany)

1255

EUROPE: founding of Prague and Stockholm as cities (medieval Euro trade & culture network)

1255 UR -tri NE Pi Cn

+

N EUROPE: first Hansa League formed by Luebeck, Hamburg, Wismar, Rostock

1256

PERSIA: Ilkhan Mongols invade Persia (Hulagu Khan, initiating a line which lasts to 1349)

1256 UR +tri PL Pi Sc

1256 PL Sg

+

MED'N: start of 'Hundred Years War' between trading cities Genoa & Venice

1257

CHINA: Mongol capital moved to Shang-Tu (N of Beijing) (relig tolerance, Buddhism favoured)

1257 UR +tri PL Ar Sg

1257 UR Ar

+

SE ASIA: Volcano, Lombok, Indonesia, largest in millennia (dark skies, cold, famines worldwide)

+

BRITAIN: Llewellyn takes title Prince of Wales (ests peace between England & Wales 1259)

1258

ASIA: MONGOLS OVERCOME ABBASID CALIPHATE (fall of Baghdad & Damascus as great cities)

1258 UR +tri PL Ar Sg

1258 UR Ar

+

BRITAIN: establishment of the House of Commons at Westminster, by Provisions of Oxford

1259

* EUROPE: St Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) active (defining Christian dogma)

1259 UR +tri PL Ar Sg

+

MIDEAST: Islamic Asia saved from Mongols by death of Mongka Khan (end of Mongol unity)

1260

CHINA: YUAN DYNASTY established as part of Mongol empire, under Kublai Khan, under Chinese law

1260 UR +tri PL Ar Sg

1260 NE Le

+

CHINA: Kublai, Great Khan (1260-94) ests social welfare, roadbuilding, post services in China

+

ITALY: Joachim of Flore predicts arrival of Anti-Christ (growing religious paranoia in Europe)

1261

BYZANTIUM: Greek empire restored in Byzantium (until 1453); Latin empire dies

1261 NE Le

+

N AFRICA: Mamluks protect Islamic culture by stalling Mongols at Battle of Ain Jalut, Palestine

1262

* IDEAS: German Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) (scientist & philosopher) at work

1262 NE on N Node

+

PERSIA: HULAGU KHAN FOUNDS IL-KHAN EMPIRE (1262-1336)(Samarkand, Persia & Georgia)

1263

BRITAIN: Haakon of Norway defeated by Scots at Largs, ceding Hebrides to Scotland

+

N AFRICA: MAMLUK SULTANATE in Egypt (1260-1517, formed by Turkic palace guard from Ukraine)

1264

ASIA: Kublai Khan reunites Mongol empire; constructs Khanbalik (Beijing) from 1267

1264 UR Ta

+

IDEAS: Thomas Aquinas' 'Summa contra Gentiles' ('Against the Heathens')

1265

IDEAS: Roger Bacon's 'De Computo Naturali' & 'Opus Maius'

1265 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg

1265 UR Ta

+

1266

ITALY: Pope calls in Charles d'Anjou to clear Italy of Germans; Bt of Benevento (Germans lose)

1266 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg

+

ASIA: Mangu-Timur, Great Khan of Golden Horde (1266-80) (ind of Mongol Confed, declining)

1266 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg

1267

1267 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg

+

1267 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg

1268

MIDEAST: earthquake kills 60,000, destroying city of Cieilia, Asia Minor

1268 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

+

1268 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg

1269

1269 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

1269 PL Cp

+

1270

EUROPE: Eighth Crusade (attacks Tunis, nothing accomplished)

1270 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

1270 PL Cp

+

E AFRICA: Solomonid dynasty comes to power in Coptic Ethiopia

1271

BRITAIN: Wales becoming ungovernable (national revival); rise of the Llewellyns of Snowdon

1271 UR -SQR NE Ta Le

1271 UR Ge

+

INNOVN: invention of the mechanical clock

1272

BRITAIN: Edward I, King of England (1272-1307) ('England's Justinian')

1272 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp

1272 UR Ge

+

1273

GERMANY: Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, elected King of Germany (beginning of Hapsburg dynasty)

1273 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp

1273 NE Vi

+

IDEAS: Thomas Aquinas' 'Summa Theologica' (his main theological work)

1274

JAPAN: Kublai Khan attempts and fails to conquer Japan (beaten off by Samurai knights)

1274 UR on N Node

1274 NE Vi

+

CHINA: Kublai Khan confers power of a Tibetan Lama, Phags-pa, to be Chief Teacher to Mongols

1274 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp

1275

CHINA: Marco Polo (1254-1354, Venetian) arrives in China; Nestorian Archbishopric founded in Beijing

1275 PL on S Node

+

IDEAS: Moses de Leon's 'Zohar' (major work on Jewish faith)

1275 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp

1276

SCANDNVA: Magnus Ladulas, K of Sweden (1275-90) (ests nobility, knighthood, order in Sweden)

+

1277

BRITAIN: Roger Bacon imprisoned for heresy until 1292

+

1278

C EUROPE: Wenceslas II King of Bohemia (1278-1305); King of Poland 1300, Hungary 1301

1278 UR Cn

+

C EUROPE: Habsburgs establish themselves in Austria (on downfall of Bohemian Ottokar II)

1279

CHINA: MONGOLS INVADE SOUTH CHINA, at last ending the long-lived Sung (Song) dynasty

1279 UR Cn

+

1280

E EUROPE: Bulgarian Asen dynasty fails (Bulgaria encroached by Greeks, Serbs & Mongols)

+

CHINA: Kublai Khan (Emp Shih-Tsu) extends Yuan dynasty (1280-1368) throughout all of China

+

SE ASIA: Srivijaya (Sumatra) invaded by Singhasari (Java); dynasty lasts 12 years

1281

ASIA: disastrous attempted Mongol invasion of Japan (defeated by typhoon); decline of Hojo gov't

+

1282

ITALY: massacre of French in Sicily ('Sicilian Vespers') by local burghers seeking autonomy

+

GERMANY: Rudolf Hapsburg gives Austria & Styria to his sons (seeds of future Habsburg empire)

1283

E EUROPE: Teutonic Order completes its conquering of Prussia

1283 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

+

BRITAIN: Edward I subdues Welsh revival (Llewellyns killed); Statute of Wales declared

1283 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi

1284

ITALY: Genoa defeats Pisa (end of Pisa's major influence); Florence Italy's leading trading city

1284 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

+

GERMANY: 'Pied Piper of Hamelin'

1284 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi

1285

SE ASIA: abortive Mongol expeditions against Annam & Champa, Vietnam (becoming tributaries)

1284 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp

1285 UR Le

+

MIDEAST: Osman I expands Osmanli (Ottoman) territory (NW Anatolia) taken from ailing Byzantium

1285 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

1286

1286 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp

1286 UR Le

+

1286 NE -tri PL Vi Cp

1286 PL Aq

1287

EUROPE: first Persian Ilkhan embassy to W Europe (also 1289, 1290, 1307)

1287 NE -tri PL Vi Cp

1287 PL Aq

+

SE ASIA: Mongols of Kublai Khan pillage Pagan, capital of Burma

1287 NE Li

+

GERMANY: 'Public Peace' declared by Rudolf Hapsburg at Diet of Wurzburg

1288

MIDEAST: Osman I (1288-1326), founder of Turkish Ottoman empire

1288 NE -tri PL Li Aq

1288 NE Li

+

C AMERICA: Quiche Maya conquer the Pokomam Maya (Guatemala)

1289

INDIA: Khalji dynasty (1289-1320) of Delhi (minority Afghan regime, repressive, militaristic)

1289 NE -tri PL Li Aq

+

* INNOVN: block printing in use in Italy (learned from China via Mongols)

1289 UR -ssq NE Le Li

+

EURASIA: Pope sends John of Montecorvino to establish Catholic archbishopric in Beijing

1290

EURASIA: Expansion of trade & cultural relations across Eurasia (1290-1340) (big stable empires)

1290 NE -tri PL Li Aq

+

INNOVN: spectacles invented in Italy

1290 UR -ssq NE Le Li

+

BRITAIN: expulsion of Jews from England (jealousy over trading & moneylending rights)

1291

EUROPE: seed of Swiss Confederation: Eternal Union of Uri, Schwyz & Unterwalden (Wm Tell myth)

1291 NE -tri PL Li Aq

1291 UR Vi

+

MIDEAST: Mamluks conquer Acre, last Christian stronghold in Middle East (end of Crusading era)

+

MED'N: Knights of St John evacuate to Cyprus from Palestine

1292

SE ASIA: Mongol naval expedition attacks Srivijaya Java (partially successful, tribute gained)

1292 NE -tri PL Li Aq

1292 UR Vi

+

SE ASIA: Singhasari dynasty falls, Java-Sumatra taken over by Majapahit

+

* SE ASIA: Muslim traders begin to introduce Islam to Malaya & Indonesia

1293

BRITAIN: Edward I codifies English Common Law & precedent in the 'Yearbooks'

1293 NE -tri PL Li Aq

+

OTTOMANS: Osman I, Ottoman chief in W Anatolia, founds the Ottoman dynasty

1294

* N EUROPE: Hanseatic League of trading cities consolidates, with Luebeck as leading city

1294 NE -tri PL Li Aq

+

CHINA: death of Kublai Khan (becalming & kinesifying of the Mongols)

1294 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq

1295

W EUROPE: first of many alliances between France & Scotland (against England)

1295 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq

+

ITALY: return of Marco Polo to Italy (from court of Kublai Khan, later jailed in Genoa)

1295 UR -ssx NE Vi Li

+

PERSIA: Mongol Ilkhans convert to Islam, distancing from the Mongol Great Khan

1296

BRITAIN: John Baliol cedes Scottish crown to Edward I; Stone of Scone taken to Westminster

1296 UR -ssx NE Vi Li

+

INDIA: C Asian Mongols invade NW India (from Astrakhan & Afghanistan)

+

INDIA: Aladain Khalji, Sult of Delhi (96-16) (expands influence, beats Rajputs, repression)

1297

BRITAIN: Scots defeat English at Bt of Stirling Bridge (William Wallace)

1297 UR Li

+

MED'N: Genoese defeat Venetians in a sea battle (rivalry for Med'n trading primacy)

+

IDEAS: Marco Polo's 'Book of Various Experiences' (on Asia) widens European horizons

1298

* SE ASIA: Islam moves into Indonesia through Sultanate of Malacca (Malaya)

1298 UR -sqt PL Li Aq

1298 UR Li

+

BRITAIN: Parliament gains legislative initiative, right of taxation; Houses of Lords & Commons started

1299

MIDEAST: Ottomans expand in Anatolia & Bosporus (Venice makes treaty to preserve trade)

1299 UR -sqt PL Li Aq

+

W EUROPE: treaty between France & Germany (Germany currently weak)

1300

* W AFRICA: development of kingdom of Benin in Nigeria (artistic renaissance)

1300 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq

+

BRITAIN: Edward I of England invades Scotland (to reclaim his title as king of Scotland)

1300 UR -sqt PL Li Aq

+

* W EUROPE: major trade fairs at Bruges, Antwerpen, Lyons & Geneve

1301

MIDEAST: Ottoman Osman I defeats Byzantines (gaining full control of Bosporus, Byzantium's lifeline)

1301 HALLEY'S COMET

1301 NE Sc

+

BRITAIN: Edward I's son made Prince of Wales: beginning of final subjugation of Wales

1302

BRITAIN: truce between England & Scotland (seeds of united Britain being established)

1302 UR -tri PL Li Aq

1302 NE Sc

+

BENELUX: rebellion against landlords & burgher oligarchies at Bruges

1303

FRANCE: convening of first States General (parliament of nobility); French kidnap Pope

1303 UR -tri PL Li Aq

+

ITALY: founding of university of Rome ; RUSSIA: growth of Muscovy begins (to become Russia)

1304

IDEAS: Meister Eckhart (1260-1327) (theologian & philosopher) at work

1304 UR -tri PL Li Aq

1304 UR Sc

+

* N AMERICA: decline of the Anasazi and other cultures in Arizona (climate change?)

1305

BRITAIN: standardisation of imperial weights & measures by Edward I of England

+

C EUROPE: conflict in Hungary (1301-08) after fall of Arpad dynasty

1306

FRANCE: Jews exiled by Philip IV; 1307 Knights Templars in France persecuted & dissolved

+

BRITAIN: Robert Bruce crowned king of Scotland, defeated twice by English

1307

CHINA: end of Mongol Yuan dynasty; Nestorian Archbishopric of Beijing grows

1307 UR CONJ NE Sc Sc

1307 PL Pi

+

W AFRICA: zenith of Mandingo (1307-32) under Gongo Musa; annexing Songhai in 1325

1308

INDIA: conquest of Malwa & Deccan by Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji (raiding booty, anti-Hindu)

1308 PL Pi

+

1309

W EUROPE: Papacy moves from Rome to Avignon under French Pope Clement V (1305-9)

+

1310

MED'N: Knights of St John move from Cyprus to Rhodes (to stay there until 1522)

+

BRITAIN: Edward II (1307-27) appoints Lords Ordainers to improve governance of England

1311

C EUROPE: Karl I, K of Hungary (1310-42) (Anjou line) (restores order and remodels society)

1311 UR Sg

+

1312

ATLANTIC: Canary Islands rediscovered by Genoese sailors

1312 UR -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

1313

INNOVN: gunpowder invented by Friar Berthold Schwarz in Germany

1313 UR -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

RUSSIA: Mongol Golden Horde (Ukraine) converts to Islam

1314

BRITAIN: Scotland (Robert Bruce) defeats England at the Battle of Bannockburn

1314 UR on S Node

+

FRANCE: Grand Master of Knights Templars burned at stake for heresy

1315

C EUROPE: Swiss peasants beat Habsburg Leopold of Austria (strengthening Swiss League)

1315 NE Sg

+

EUROPE: disease & famine reduces popn of C & W Europe by 10% (1315-17)

1316

IRELAND: Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland

1316 NE Sg

+

E EUROPE: Gedymin (1316-41), founder of Lithuania (largest territory in 1300s Europe)

1317

FRANCE: Salik law adopted in France (excluding women from throne of France)

+

E AFRICA: downfall of Christian Sahel kingdom of Makkura to Muslim Arab nomads

1318

IRELAND: Edward Bruce, King of Ireland, killed by English

1318 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi

1318 UR Cp

+

C EUROPE: truce between nationalistic Swiss League & Austrian Habsburgs

1319

E EUROPE: final freeing & uniting of Poland by Vladislav IV of Krakow (1305-33)

+

* INDIA: DELHI SULTANATE AT ZENITH (trade, textiles, taxation, cosmopolitan)

1320

* ITALY: cultural revival in ITALY: Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-74) & Giotto (1266-1337)

+

* INDIA: Tughluk dynasty (1320-1413) inherits Delhi Sultanate (max extent of Delhi Sultanate, reforms)

1321

INNOVN: William of Occam (1285-1349) ('Occam's Razor', writes on facts, proof, knowledge)

1321 UR +ssx NE Cp Sg

+

BYZANTIUM: civil war (1321-54) in Byzantium (involving Greek, Latin & Orthodox groups)

1322

C EUROPE: Bavaria at war with Austria, Frederick of Austria loses

1322 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi

+

JAPAN: Emp Daigo II (1318-39) ends power of retired emperors, ends Kamakura shogunate 1333

1322 UR +ssx NE Cp Sg

1323

INNOVN: Marsilius of Padua's 'Defensor Pacis' (secular state, church-state sep'n, popular sovereignty)

1323 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi

+

BRITAIN: end of wars between England & Scotland (Treaty of Edinburgh, 1328)

1323 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

1324

W AFRICA: pilgrimage of Mansa Musa of Mali to Mecca (Mali source of 60% of world's gold)

1324 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

ROME: excommunication of Louis the Bavarian (last Papal intervention in HRE German succession)

1325

RUSSIA: Ivan I (1325-41) begins retrieval of Muscovy from Mongols (rise of Russian identity)

1325 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

* AMERICAS: ARRIVAL OF AZTECS in Valley of Mexico, Tenochtitlan founded (military & trading power)

+

CHINA: famine kills 8 million people (out of 45m), hastening Yuan disintegration

+

INDIA: Mohammed ibn Tughluk, Delhi Sultan (1325-51) (expands Sultanate; destroys Indian Buddhism)

+

EURASIA: travels of Moroccan Ibn Batuta to Africa, Arabia, India, Russia, China, Sahel (27-49)

1326

BRITAIN: Isabella (wife of Edward II) & Roger Mortimer invade England, capturing Edward II

1326 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

1326 UR Aq

+

MIDEAST: expansion of Ottoman lands in NW Anatolia ; EUROPE: first use of cannons, by Florence

1327

GERMANY: great fire of Munchen (city burnt down, later totally rebuilt

1327 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

BRITAIN: Edward III, King of England (1327-1377); Justices of Peace appointed as law judges

1328

* AMERICAS: Aztecs establish Tenochtitlan (Mexico City, largest city in world in year 2000)

1328 UR -ssq PL Aq Pi

+

FRANCE: end of Capetian dynasty; rise of House of Valois (1328-1498) Philip VI ,K of France (1328-50)

+

HRE: Louis IV of Bavaria HRE (1328-47) crowned in Rome; deposes Pope John XXII for heresy

1329

RUSSIA: Ivan I, Grand Duke (1328-41) (makes Moscow his capital, moving from Novgorod)

1329 UR +ssq NE Aq Cp

1329 NE Cp

+

1330

BRITAIN: David II, King of Scotland (1329-71)

1330 UR +ssq NE Aq Cp

+

HRE: Habsburgs submit to Louis IV of Bavaria as HR Emperor (competitiveness for throne)

1331

JAPAN: imperial restoration of Ashikaga Daigo II, Emp of Japan (fall of Kamakura power)

1331 UR +ssq NE Aq Cp

+

E EUROPE: Stephan Dushan, king of Serbia (1331-55), unites most of Balkans (seeking Byzantine power)

1332

ASIA: beginning of BLACK DEATH bubonic plague in SW China (during a famine)

1332 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi

+

SCANDNVA: anarchy in Denmark (1332-40) (German & Hansa meddling); Valdemar IV (1340-75)

1333

* IBERIA: ZENITH of ARAB GRENADAN CULTURE under Yusuf I Almohad Caliph (1333-54)

1333 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar

1333 UR Pi

+

INDIA: repression & overtaxation in India by Tughluk Sultan (cruelty, extortion, revenge)

1333 UR -ssx PL Aq Pi

1333 PL Ar

+

CHINA: great famine kills 6 million people (1333-7) (possible source of Black Death)

1334

* E EUROPE: Bohemia, Poland & Hungary become great states (1330s-80s) (universities & towns)

1334 UR Pi

+

CHINA: disastrous floods in Yangtze valley (stimulating revolts against Mongol Yuan dynasty)

1334 PL Ar

1335

PERSIA: dissolution of Il-Khan empire into local dynasties (lacking leadership)

+

INDIA: Vijayanagar created (1335-1565) (centre for Brahmin studies, Dravidian nat'lism, art)

1336

JAPAN: ASHIKAGA PERIOD (1336-1568) (restoration of feudalism, clan frictions, social changes,

+

war & instability yet trade & industry growth, freethinking & diffusion of culture)

1337

W EUROPE: HUNDRED YEARS' WAR between France & England (Edward III claims French throne)

1337 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp

+

INDIA: attempted Tughluk invasion of Tibet & China destroyed by rains in Himalayas

+

W EUROPE: coup d'etat in Ghent (by bourgeois movement with popular support)

1338

BRITAIN: French burn Portsmouth

1338 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp

+

W EUROPE: alliance between England's Edward III & HRE Louis IV against France

1339

RUSSIA: building of the Kremlin in Moscow by Ivan I

1339 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp

+

JAPAN: Kitabatake Chikafusa writes history of Japan (rising patriotic sentiments)

1340

* EURASIA: end of European-Asian trade & cultural contacts via Silk Roads (caused by plague)

+

* INDIA: growth of S Indian state of Vijayanagar as Hindu opposition to Delhi Sultanate

+

IDEAS: Florentine Pegalotti's 'Merchants' Handbook' (on travelling conditions worldwide)

1341

* ASIA: BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague) starts on large scale in Asia

1341 UR Ar

+

INDIA: Delhi Sultanate shrinks; Bengal breaks away, Deccan 1347, Gujerat 1396

1342

+

1343

* EURASIA: general disaster and major shrinkage of population; trade & internationalism die

1343 UR CONJ PL Ar Ar

1343 NE Aq

+

E EUROPE: revolt of Estonians against occupying Danes; Teutonic Knights take Estonia in 1346

1344

* GERMANY: pogroms against Jews: 350 Jewish communities destroyed; Jews move to Lith-Poland

1344 UR CONJ PL Ar Ar

+

INDIA: extermination, penal severity & resulting rebellion in Delhi Sultanate (loss of South)

1345

SCANDNVA: retaking of disintegrated Denmark (Funen, Jutland 1348, Scania 1360) by Waldemar IV

1345 NE on S Node

+

1346

W EUROPE: Bt of Crecy, English defeat French; Calais surrenders to Edward III

+

* IDEAS: work of Ibn Battuta, Arab geographer and traveller

1347

MIDEAST: BLACK DEATH DEVASTATES THE ISLAMIC WORLD

+

HRE: Charles IV of Luxembourg HRE (1347-78)

+

E EUROPE: Statutes of Casimir III the Great of Poland (1333-70) establish law & central gov't

+

ROME: coup d'etat by Cola di Rienzi (bourgeousie against papal power)

1348

EUROPE: BLACK DEATH in EUROPE (killing 25 million people in four years in Europe alone)

1348 UR Ta

+

GERMANY: false pretender takes throne of Brandenburg for two years

1349

* SE ASIA: Chinese first settle Singapore (starting Chinese overseas expansion)

1349 UR Ta

+

PERSIA: end of the Mongol Ilkhans of Persia (followed by local dynasties until Timurlenk)

+

GERMANY: persecution of Jews; E EUROPE: Dusanov Zakonik, legal code established in Serbia

1350

* JAPAN: Japanese cultural revival; * SE ASIA: golden age of Majapahit empire in Java-Sumatra

1350 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar

+

* ASIA: CULTURAL & ECONOMIC ZENITH ACROSS EAST ASIA

1351

C EUROPE: strengthening of Swiss League, with new members joining (seed of independent Switz)

1351 NE -sxt PL Aq Ar

+

E EUROPE: Winrich of Kniprode greatest Grand Master (1351-82) of Teutonic Knights

+

INDIA: Firuz Tughluk, Delhi Sultan (1351-88) halts decline, restores sense (agric, irrigation)

+

SE ASIA: founding of state of Ayutthaya (root of modern Thailand)

1352

* SE ASIA: rise of Burmese Buddhist states of Ava, Tungu,Pegu, Luang Prabang on fall of temple cities

1352 NE -sxt PL Aq Ar

+

N AFRICA: Ibn Battuta explores Sahara desert, visits Timbuktu

1353

* SE AFRICA: rebuilding of Great Zimbabwe after bushfires (Zimbabweans trading with Arabia & China)

1353 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

+

1353 UR +ssx PL Ta Ar

1354

MIDEAST: Ottomans take Gallipoli on the Bosporus (threatening Byzantium; bridge to Europe)

1354 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

+

INNOVN: mechanical clock built for Strasbourg Cathedral

1354 UR +ssx PL Ta Ar

1355 UR Ge

1355

EUROPE: Black Death slowly dying out (tracts of Eurasia drastically changed)

1355 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

+

* EUROPE: 'The Desolation': end of small villages, agrarian pop'n moves to towns after Black Death

1356

W EUROPE: Bt of Poitiers, English under Black Prince beat France (taking French king & son prisoner)

1356 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq

1356 UR Ge

+

GERMANY: Charles IV's Golden Bull weakens monarchy (Ger princes too weak to maintain peace)

1356 NE Pi

1357

FRANCE: bourgeois revolt in Paris under Etienne Marcel (against local rulership & clerics)

1357 UR +ssq PL Ge Ar

1357 NE Pi

+

1358

C EUROPE: Habsburgs sign treaty with nationalist Swiss League (after two defeats)

1358 UR on N Node

+

* N EUROPE: Hansa League of German trading towns thriving in Baltic & Europe (200 cities)

1358 UR +ssq PL Ge Ar

1359

W EUROPE: Treaty of London restores Angevin lands in France to Edward III of England

+

FRANCE: hailstorm & lightning ruin English army at Chartres (1000 men, 6000 horses killed)

1360

W EUROPE: first phase of Hundred Years War ends with the Peace of Bretigny

+

C ASIA: Timurlenk (1336-1405) proclaims himself Islamic renewer of Mongol empire at Samarkand

1361

E EUROPE: Ottoman Turks enter Europe, capturing Adrianople (Edirne, crossroads Asia-Europe)

+

BRITAIN: Black Death (bubonic plague) recurs in England & France (also 1367, 1369)

1362

IDEAS: William Langland's 'Piers Plowman'

1362 PL Ta

+

1362 UR Cn

1363

C EUROPE: Habsburg Rudolph of Austria obtains Tyrol (seeking to consolidate Habsburg power)

1363 NE -ssq PL Pi Ar

1363 UR Cn

+

C ASIA: TIMURLENK begins devastating MONGOL-TURKIC INVASIONS of Asia & Middle East

1363 PL Ta

1364

AMERICAS: Aztec expansion under Itzcoatl (from capital at Tenochtitlan, through C Mexico)

1364 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta

1364 PL Ta

+

FRANCE: Charles V King of France (1364-80) and Burgundy (1365-80)

1364 NE -ssq PL Pi Ar

1365

1365 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

1366

OTTOMANS: Ottoman Turks make Adrianople their capital

+

BRITAIN: England's Parliament rebels against Pope

1367

N EUROPE: Denmark & Hansa League at war (over Baltic access & control of piracy)

1367 UR +tri NE Cn Pi

+

INDIA: massacre of 400,000 Hindus by Tughluk (Sultan of Delhi) on invasion of Vijayanagar (S India)

1368

CHINA: MING DYNASTY FOUNDED at Nanking by rebel Chu Yuan-chang, driving out Mongols by 1387

1368 UR +tri NE Cn Pi

+

SE ASIA: fall of Hindu Angkor kingdom to Thai attacks

1369

ASIA: Timurlenk becomes Great Khan of Samarkand (supported by Kipchak-Jagatai Mongols)

1369 UR +tri NE Cn Pi

1369 UR Le

+

ITALY: Venice repels invasion attempt by landlocked Hungarians

1370

* ARTS: early work of Chaucer (1340-1400), English poet

1370 UR +tri NE Le Ar

1370 NE Ar

+

IBERIA: Castilian monarchy fights out power with nobility, establishing control

1370 UR +SQR PL Le Ta

1371

BRITAIN: Robert II King of Scotland (1371-90) (beginning of House of Stuart)

1370 PL Aphn 6Ta

1371 NE Ar

+

* C ASIA: Timurlenk invades Khorezm empire (Khorasan, Bokhara, Afghanistan)

1371 UR +SQR PL Le Ta

+

CHINA: Ming Maritime Edict forbids all Chinese from travelling abroad, many foreign contacts withdrawn

1372

W EUROPE: French victories over English in Hundred Years' War

+

1373

W EUROPE: major conquests by English John of Gaunt in NW & W France

1373 UR +sqt NE Le Ar

+

* N EUROPE: zenith of the Hansa League as political & trading power

1374

* S INDIA: ZENITH OF HINDU STATE OF VIJAYANAGAR

1374 UR +sqt NE Le Ar

+

* RUSSIA: political predominance of Moscow over neighbouring Russian states

1375

MIDEAST: Mamluks invade Christian Armenia

1375 NE -ssx PL Ar Ta

1375 UR Vi

+

W EUROPE: Truce of Bruges between England & France

1375 UR +sqt NE Le Ar

1376

* IDEAS: emergence of story of Robin Hood

1376 NE -ssx PL Ar Ta

1376 UR Vi

+

1376 UR +sqt NE Le Ar

1377

E EUROPE: Jagiello of Lithuania (1377-1434) (Lith becomes Catholic; Moldavia-Wallachia gained)

+

W EUROPE: Pope Gregorius XI (1370-78) takes Papacy from Avignon back to Rome

+

ASIA: Mongol Golden & White Hordes unite (internal revival until Timurlenk)

1378

MIDEAST: Armenia & Azerbaijan taken over by Turkoman nomad rulers

1378 UR +tri PL Vi Ta

+

EUROPE: Great Schism between Rome & Avignon Churches, until 1417; two Popes elected

1378 HALLEY'S COMET

+

W EUROPE: renewal of Anglo-French Hundred Years' War

1379

* EUROPE: heated attention on witchcraft and heresy (persecution & burnings)

1379 UR +tri PL Vi Ta

+

GERMANY: Hans Fugger founds a bank in Augsburg (Europe's biggest bank by 1500)

1379 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

1380

ASIA: Timurlenk begins his conquests of Khorasan, Afghanistan, S Russia, Persia

1380 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

+

* IDEAS: work of Ibn Khaldun, Muslim historian

+

RUSSIA: Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow defeats Tatars at Bt of Kulikovo (turning the tide for Russians)

1381

* IDEAS: John Wyclif (1328-84) church reformer at work (expelled from Oxford 1382, condemned)

1381 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

1381 UR Li

+

W EUROPE: truce between England & France for six years

+

BRITAIN: Wat Tyler's peasants' revolt in England (seeking reform of conditions & rights)

+

MED'N: Venice wins its 'Hundred Years' War' against Genoa (flowering of Venetian culture)

1382

E EUROPE: Ottoman Turks take Bulgaria and Sofia

1382 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta

1382 UR Li

+

1382 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar

1383

IRELAND: population decimated by plague & famine

1383 NE Ta

+

1384

BRITAIN: Anglo-Scottish wars renewed

1384 NE Ta

+

1385

W EUROPE: Anglo-French wars renewed

+

PERSIA: Timurlenk invades Persia (many massacres), turns on Kipchak (Golden Horde) in S Russia

1386

E EUROPE: union of Poland & Lithuania under Jagiello line Vladislav II (Prussia outmatched)

+

1387

E EUROPE: Lithuania converts to Christianity (the last european pagan state)

+

C EUROPE: King Sigismund of Brandenburg becomes King of Hungary (by marriage)

+

SCANDNVA: Margareta of Denmark becomes queen of Den, Sweden, Norway, leading to union

+

CHINA: China finally cleared of Mongols by Nanking Ming dynasty

1388

ASIA: Mongols driven out of their capital Karakorum by Chinese, defeated at Kerulen

1388 UR Sc

+

ARTS: Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'

+

BRITAIN: Scots defeat the English at Bt of Otterburn

1389

E EUROPE: Ottomans (Murad I, 1359-89) beat Serbs, gaining control of Balkans at Bt of Kosovo

+

W EUROPE: truce between England, Scotland & France; William of Wykeham Engl Lord Chancellor

1390

+

1391

IBERIA: revolt in Spain against power of Jews (over social inequalities, some bigotry added)

1391 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

+

1392

E ASIA: Korea ind of China; foundn of Li dynasty (1392-1910) (prosperity & culture 1392-1494)

1392 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

+

JAPAN: end of civil wars (1336-92), Ashikaga Shoguns at low ebb (architecture & No dramas)

1393

MIDEAST: Timurlenk takes Baghdad and attacks Mesopotamia

1393 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

+

* CHINA: Chinese population 60m, 40% less than in late Sung; 130m by 1580

1394

SE ASIA: Thais invade Cambodia, whereupon the Khmers move from Angkor to Phnom Penh

1394 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

1394 PL Ge

+

W EUROPE: Richard II of England attacks Ireland (Irish rulers become tributary)

1394 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta

1395

INDIA: Gujerat prospers under Islamic Rajput dynasty (1396-1572) (trading power)

1395 UR OPPN PL Sc Ta

1395 UR Sg

+

EUROPE: FIRST STIRRINGS OF EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE (in Italian city-states & European cities)

1395 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta

1395 PL Ge

1396

BRITAIN: Richard II marries Isabella of France; truce between England & France extended

1396 UR OPPN PL Sg Ge

1396 PL Ge

+

E EUROPE: Ottomans defeat Crusader army under Sigismund of Hungary, at Nicopolis

1396 NE Ge

1397

SCANDNVA: Union of Kalmar unites Sweden, Denmark and Norway

1397 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge

1397 NE Ge

+

1398

INDIA: Timurlenk invades India & sacks Delhi, retires (disease; Delhi Sultanate declines)

1398 NE CONJ PL Ge Ge

1398 NE Ge

+

C EUROPE: Jan Hus (1369-1415), Wyclifian reformer, lecturing on theology at Prague university

1398 UR on S Node

1399

BRITAIN: king deposed; Henry IV King of England (1399-1413) (suppresses rebellion of nobles)

1399 NE CONJ PL Ge Ge

+

* CHINA: great drainage & irrigation, reforestation & repopulation works by Ming dynasty